The shrinkage ike nke ọ bụla unit ogologo n'elu nke mmiri mmiri na-akpọ elu esemokwu, na unit bụ N.·m-1.
Ihe onwunwe nke ibelata esemokwu elu nke ihe mgbaze na-akpọ ọrụ elu, na ihe nwere ihe onwunwe a na-akpọ ihe na-arụ ọrụ elu.
Ihe na-arụ ọrụ n'elu nke nwere ike jikọta ụmụ irighiri ihe na ngwọta mmiri ma na-etolite micelles na mkpakọrịta ndị ọzọ, ma nwee ọrụ elu dị elu, ebe ọ na-enwekwa mmetụta nke wetting, emulsifying, foaming, wash, etc. na-akpọ surfactant.
Surfactant bụ organic ogige nwere pụrụ iche Ọdịdị na ihe onwunwe, nke nwere ike budata ịgbanwe interfacial esemokwu n'etiti abụọ n'ụzọ ma ọ bụ elu esemokwu nke mmiri (n'ozuzu mmiri), na wetting, ụfụfụ, emulsifying, ịsacha na ndị ọzọ Njirimara.
N'ihe gbasara nhazi, surfactants nwere ihe jikọrọ ya na ha nwere otu abụọ dị iche iche dị iche iche na ụmụ irighiri ihe ha.N'otu njedebe bụ ogologo agbụ nke ndị na-abụghị polar, nke na-agbaze na mmanụ na mmiri na-adịghị ike, nke a makwaara dị ka ìgwè hydrophobic ma ọ bụ ndị na-egbochi mmiri.Ndị dị otú ahụ na-egbochi mmiri bụ n'ozuzu ogologo agbụ nke hydrocarbons, mgbe ụfọdụ nakwa n'ihi na organic fluorine, silicon, organophosphate, organotin yinye, wdg N'akụkụ nke ọzọ bụ mmiri-soluble otu, a hydrophilic otu ma ọ bụ mmanụ-repellent otu.Otu hydrophilic ga-abụrịrị hydrophilic zuru oke iji hụ na ihe ndị dị n'elu na-agbaze na mmiri ma nwee ihe dị mkpa.Ebe ọ bụ na surfactants nwere hydrophilic na hydrophobic otu, ha nwere ike soluble na opekata mpe otu n'ime usoro mmiri mmiri.Nke a hydrophilic na lipophilic ihe onwunwe nke surfactant ka a na-akpọ amphiphilicity.
Surfactant bụ ụdị molekul amphiphilic nwere ma hydrophobic na hydrophilic.Hydrophobic dị iche iche nke surfactants na-emekarị mejupụtara hydrocarbons ogologo yinye, dị ka ogologo yinye alkyl C8 ~ C20, branched-chain alkyl C8 ~ C20, alkylphenyl (alkyl carbon tom nọmba bụ 8 ~ 16) na ihe ndị yiri ya.Ihe dị iche nke dị ntakịrị n'etiti otu hydrophobic bụ tumadi na mgbanwe nhazi nke ụdọ hydrocarbon.Na ụdị nke hydrophilic dị iche iche bụ ndị ọzọ, ya mere, ihe onwunwe nke surfactants bụ tumadi metụtara hydrophilic otu na mgbakwunye na size na ọdịdị nke hydrophobic otu.Mgbanwe nhazi nke ìgwè hydrophilic dị ukwuu karịa nke ìgwè hydrophobic, ya mere nhazi nke surfactants na-adaberekarị na nhazi nke ìgwè hydrophilic.Nkewa nke a dabere na ma ìgwè hydrophilic bụ ionic ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị, a na-ekewa ya na anionic, cationic, nonionic, zwitterionic na ụdị ndị ọzọ pụrụ iche nke surfactants.
① Adsorption nke surfactants na interfac
Molecules surfactant bụ ụmụ irighiri ihe amphiphilic nwere ma lipophilic na otu hydrophilic.Mgbe surfactant na-agbaze na mmiri, ìgwè hydrophilic ya na-adọrọ mmasị na mmiri ma gbazee n'ime mmiri, ebe ìgwè lipophilic ya na-akwagharị site na mmiri wee hapụ mmiri, na-eme ka adsorption nke molecules surfactant (ma ọ bụ ions) na interface nke akụkụ abụọ ahụ. , nke na-ebelata esemokwu ihu n'etiti akụkụ abụọ ahụ.Ka ụmụ irighiri ihe dị elu (ma ọ bụ ion) na-agbasa na interface ahụ, nke ahụ na-ebelata esemokwu n'etiti ihu.
② Ụfọdụ Njirimara nke akpụkpọ ahụ adsorption
Nrụgide dị n'elu nke akpụkpọ ahụ adsorption: mgbasa ozi dị n'elu na interface mmiri gas na-emepụta akpụkpọ anụ mgbasa ozi, dị ka idobe mpempe akwụkwọ na-ese n'elu mmiri na-ese n'elu, mpempe akwụkwọ na-ese n'elu na-akpali akpụkpọ ahụ adsorbent n'akụkụ ihe ngwọta, akpụkpọ ahụ na-emepụta nrụgide. na mpempe akwụkwọ na-ese n'elu mmiri, nke a na-akpọ nrụgide elu.
Viscosity dị n'elu: Dị ka nrụgide elu, viscosity elu bụ ihe nke akpụkpọ ahụ molekụla na-adịghị edozi ahụ gosipụtara.Nkwụsịtụ site na mma metal waya platinum mgbanaka, nke mere na ụgbọ elu ya na-akpọtụrụ mmiri elu nke tank, bugharia platinum mgbanaka, na platinum mgbanaka site viscosity nke mmiri mgbochi, njupụta nke nta nke nta ire ere, dị ka nke elu viscosity nwere ike ịbụ. tụrụ.Usoro a bụ: nke mbụ, a na-eme nnwale ahụ n'elu mmiri dị ọcha iji tụọ nbibi nbipu, wee tụọ ire ere mgbe emechara akpụkpọ ahụ dị n'elu, na viscosity nke akpụkpọ anụ ahụ na-enweta site na ọdịiche dị n'etiti abụọ ahụ. .
Viscosity elu nwere njikọ chiri anya na siri ike nke akpụkpọ ahụ dị n'elu, na ebe ọ bụ na akpụkpọ anụ adsorption nwere nrụgide elu na viscosity, ọ ghaghị inwe ngbanwe.Ka elu elu elu na elu viscosity nke adsorbed membran, na elu ya na-agbanwe modulus.Igwe na-agbanwe agbanwe nke akpụkpọ ahụ adsorption elu dị mkpa na usoro nke nkwụsi ike afụ.
③ Nhazi nke micelles
Ngwọta nke surfactants na-erube isi n'iwu ndị ezigbo ngwọta na-esote.Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke surfactant adsorbed n'elu ihe ngwọta na-abawanye na ntinye nke ngwọta ahụ, na mgbe ntinye uche ruru ma ọ bụ gafere otu uru, ọnụọgụ mgbasa ozi anaghịzi abawanye, na ihe ndị a na-emebiga ihe ókè dị na ngwọta na mberede. ụzọ ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ ụfọdụ mgbe niile.Ma omume na tiori na-egosi na ha na-etolite mkpakọrịta na ngwọta, a na-akpọkwa mkpakọrịta ndị a micelles.
Ntụkwasị uche Micelle Critical (CMC): Opekempe kacha nta nke ndị surfactants na-etolite micelles na ngwọta ka a na-akpọ ntinye uche micele dị oke egwu.
④ CMC ụkpụrụ nke nkịtị surfactants.
HLB bụ mbiri nke hydrophile lipophile itule, nke na-egosi hydrophilic na lipophilic itule nke hydrophilic na lipophilic otu nke surfactant, ya bụ, HLB uru nke surfactant.Uru HLB buru ibu na-egosi molekul nwere hydrophilicity siri ike na lipophilicity na-adịghị ike;N'aka nke ọzọ, lipophilicity siri ike na hydrophilicity na-adịghị ike.
① Nkwanye nke uru HLB
Uru HLB bụ uru bara uru, yabụ mgbe e mepụtara uru HLB, dị ka ọkọlọtọ, a na-akọwapụta uru HLB nke paraffin wax, nke na-enweghị akụrụngwa hydrophilic, ka ọ bụrụ 0, ebe uru HLB nke sodium dodecyl sulfate, nke bụ. ọzọ mmiri soluble, bụ 40. Ya mere, HLB uru nke surfactants bụ n'ozuzu n'ime oke nke 1 ka 40. N'ikwu okwu n'ozuzu, emulsifiers na HLB ụkpụrụ na-erughị 10 bụ lipophilic, ebe ndị karịrị 10 bụ hydrophilic.Ya mere, ntụgharị site na lipophilic gaa na hydrophilic bụ ihe dịka 10.
Dabere na ụkpụrụ HLB nke surfactants, enwere ike nweta echiche izugbe maka ojiji ha nwere ike ime, dịka egosiri na Tebụl 1-3.
Mmiri mmiri abụọ na-adịghị ahụkebe, otu gbasasịrị na nke ọzọ dị ka irighiri ihe (mkpụrụ mmiri ma ọ bụ kristal mmiri) na-etolite usoro a na-akpọ emulsion.Nke a na usoro bụ thermodynamically ejighị n'aka n'ihi na-abawanye na ókè-ala mpaghara nke abụọ mmiri mmiri mgbe emulsion e guzobere.Iji mee ka emulsion kwụsie ike, ọ dị mkpa ịgbakwunye akụkụ nke atọ - emulsifier iji belata ike interfacial nke usoro ahụ.Emulsifier bụ nke surfactant, ọrụ ya bụ isi bụ ịrụ ọrụ nke emulsion.The frasi nke emulsion dị ka ụmụ irighiri mmiri na-akpọ achụsasịwo frasi (ma ọ bụ n'ime na-adọ, discontinuous frasi), na ndị ọzọ na-adọ na-ejikọta ọnụ na-akpọ dispersion ọkara (ma ọ bụ mpụta na-adọ, na-aga n'ihu na-adọ).
① emulsifiers na emulsions
Common emulsions, otu na-adọ bụ mmiri ma ọ bụ aqueous ngwọta, ndị ọzọ na-adọ bụ organic bekee bụghị miscible na mmiri, dị ka griiz, wax, wdg The emulsion kpụrụ mmiri na mmanụ nwere ike kewara abụọ ụdị dị ka ha dispersion ọnọdụ: mmanụ. gbasasịa na mmiri na-etolite mmanụ-in-mmiri ụdị emulsion, egosipụtara dị ka O / W (mmanụ / mmiri): mmiri na-agbasasị na mmanụ na-etolite mmanụ-n'ime mmiri ụdị emulsion, egosipụtara dị ka W / O (mmiri / mmanụ).Mgbagwoju mmiri-na-mmanụ-na-mmiri W / O / W ụdị na mmanụ-n'ime-mmiri-na-mmanụ O / W / O ụdị multi-emulsions nwekwara ike kpụrụ.
A na-eji emulsifiers mee ka emulsions guzosie ike site n'ibelata esemokwu n'etiti ihu na ịmepụta otu akpụkpọ anụ interfacial otu-molecule.
Na emulsification nke emulsifier chọrọ:
a: The emulsifier ga-enwe ike adsorb ma ọ bụ mee ka interface dị n'etiti akụkụ abụọ ahụ dịkwuo mma, nke mere na a na-ebelata esemokwu interfacial;
b: The emulsifier ga-enye ahụ na ụgwọ, nke mere na electrostatic repulsion n'etiti ahụ, ma ọ bụ na-etolite a anụ, ukwuu viscous nchebe akpụkpọ ahụ gburugburu ahụ.
Ya mere, ihe eji eme ihe dị ka emulsifier ga-enwerịrị ìgwè amphiphilic iji mee emulsify, na surfactants nwere ike izute ihe a chọrọ.
② Ụzọ nkwadebe nke emulsions na ihe ndị na-emetụta nkwụsi ike nke emulsions
E nwere ụzọ abụọ iji kwadebe emulsions: otu bụ iji n'ibu usoro na-achụsasịa mmiri mmiri na obere ahụ na mmiri mmiri ọzọ, nke na-akasị eji na ụlọ ọrụ iji kwadebe emulsions;nke ọzọ bụ igbari mmiri mmiri na ọnọdụ molekụla na mmiri mmiri ọzọ, wee mee ka ọ gbakọta nke ọma iji mepụta emulsions.
Nkwụsi ike nke emulsion bụ ikike nke nchịkọta ihe mgbochi nke na-eduga na nkewa nkewa.Emulsions bụ sistemu na-adịghị akwụsi ike nke nwere nnukwu ume efu.Ya mere, ihe a na-akpọ nkwụsi ike nke emulsion bụ n'ezie oge achọrọ maka usoro ahụ iji ruo nha nha, ya bụ, oge achọrọ maka nkewa nke otu n'ime mmiri mmiri na usoro ahụ ga-eme.
Mgbe interfacial akpụkpọ ahụ na ọdụdụ alcohols, ọdụdụ asịd na fatty amines na ndị ọzọ pola organic ụmụ irighiri ihe, akpụkpọ ahụ ike budata elu.Nke a bụ n'ihi na, na interfacial adsorption oyi akwa nke emulsifier molecules na alcohols, acids na amines na ndị ọzọ pola molekul na-etolite a "mgbagwoju anya", nke mere na interfacial membrane ike mụbara.
Emulsifiers nwere ihe karịrị abụọ surfactants ka a na-akpọ emulsifiers agwakọta.Ngwakọta emulsifier adsorbed na mmiri / mmanụ interface;intermolecular edinam nwere ike na-etolite mgbagwoju.N'ihi ọrụ intermolecular siri ike, esemokwu nke ihu na-ebelata nke ukwuu, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke emulsifier adsorbed na interface na-abawanye nke ukwuu, nhazi nke njupụta nke akpụkpọ ahụ na-abawanye, ike na-abawanye.
Ụgwọ nke beads mmiri mmiri nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na nkwụsi ike nke emulsion.Emulsion kwụsiri ike, nke a na-ana ebubo chaja mmiri mmiri ha.Mgbe a na-eji emulsifier ionic eme ihe, ion emulsifier adsorbed na interface nwere otu lipophilic etinyere n'ime mmanụ mmanụ na ìgwè hydrophilic nọ na mmiri mmiri, si otú a na-eme ka ọkpụkpụ mmiri na-ebubo.Dị ka emulsion beads na otu ụgwọ, ha na-achughachi ibe ha, ọ dịghị mfe agglomerate, nke mere na nkwụsi ike na-abawanye.Enwere ike ịhụ na ka ion emulsifier na-adaba na beads, ka ebubo ahụ dị ukwuu, na-enwekwu ike igbochi beads site na agglomeration, otú ahụ ka usoro emulsion na-esiwanye ike.
The viscosity nke emulsion mgbasa mgbasa nwere mmetụta ụfọdụ na nkwụsi ike nke emulsion.N'ozuzu, ka elu viscosity nke mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi, na elu nkwụsi ike nke emulsion.Nke a bụ n'ihi na viscosity nke mgbasa ozi buru ibu, nke nwere mmetụta siri ike na mmegharị Brownian nke beads mmiri mmiri ma na-ebelata nkukota n'etiti beads mmiri mmiri, nke mere na usoro ahụ nọgidere na-adịgide adịgide.Ọtụtụ mgbe, ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-eme ka emulsion dịkwuo elu ma mee ka nkwụsi ike nke emulsions dịkwuo elu.Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, polymers nwekwara ike ịmepụta akpụkpọ anụ interfacial siri ike, na-eme ka usoro emulsion dịkwuo mma.
N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, mgbakwunye nke ntụ ntụ siri ike nwekwara ike ime ka emulsion na-eme ka ọ kwụsie ike.Uzuzu siri ike dị na mmiri, mmanụ ma ọ bụ interface, dabere na mmanụ, mmiri na ike wetting nke ntụ ntụ siri ike, ma ọ bụrụ na ntụ ntụ siri ike adịghị mmiri na mmiri kpamkpam, kamakwa mmiri site na mmanụ, ga-anọgide na mmiri na mmanụ. interface.
The siri ike ntụ ntụ adịghị eme ka emulsion kwụsiri ike n'ihi na ntụ ntụ gbakọtara na interface enhances interfacial akpụkpọ ahụ, nke yiri interfacial adsorption nke emulsifier ụmụ irighiri ihe, otú ahụ ka anya na ihe siri ike ntụ ntụ ihe na-ahaziri na interface, ka kwụsie ike na. emulsion bụ.
Surfactants nwere ike budata dịkwuo solubility nke insoluble ma ọ bụ ubé mmiri-soluble organic bekee mgbe akpụ micelles na aqueous ngwọta, na ngwọta bụ uzo n'oge a.A na-akpọ mmetụta a nke micele solubilization.A na-akpọ surfactant nke nwere ike ịmepụta solubilization solubilizer, na ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-eme ka a na-akpọ solubilized.
Ụfụfụ na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na usoro ịsa ahụ.Ụfụfụ bụ usoro mgbasa ozi nke gas na-agbasa n'ime mmiri mmiri ma ọ bụ siri ike, na gas dị ka oge a gbasasịa na mmiri mmiri ma ọ bụ siri ike dị ka ihe na-agbasa, nke mbụ a na-akpọ ụfụfụ mmiri mmiri, ebe nke ikpeazụ na-akpọ ụfụfụ siri ike, dị otú ahụ. dị ka plastic ụfụfụ, iko ụfụfụ, simenti ụfụfụ wdg.
(1) Nhazi ụfụfụ
Site na ụfụfụ, anyị na-ekwu ebe a mkpokọta ikuku ikuku nke akpụkpọ mmiri mmiri kewapụrụ.Ụdị afụ a na-ebili ngwa ngwa na elu mmiri mmiri n'ihi nnukwu ọdịiche dị na njupụta dị n'etiti oge a chụsasịrị (gas) na mgbasa ozi (mmiri mmiri), jikọtara ya na obere viscosity nke mmiri mmiri.
Usoro nke ịmepụta afụ bụ iji weta nnukwu gas n'ime mmiri mmiri, na ihe ndị dị na mmiri mmiri na-alaghachi ngwa ngwa n'elu, na-eme ka nchịkọta nke ihe ọkụkụ kewapụrụ site na obere mmiri mmiri.
Ụfụ nwere ihe abụọ dị ịrịba ama e ji mara n'usoro nke morphology: otu bụ na egosipụta dị ka a gbasasịa agba na-emekarị polyhedral na udi, nke a bụ n'ihi na na nrutu nke egosipụta, e nwere ọchịchọ nke mmiri mmiri film na mkpa nke mere na egosipụta na-aghọ. polyhedral, mgbe ihe nkiri mmiri ahụ na-arị elu ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ, ọ na-eduga na mgbawa afụ;nke abụọ bụ na mmiri mmiri dị ọcha enweghị ike ịmepụta ụfụfụ kwụsiri ike, mmiri mmiri nke nwere ike ịmepụta ụfụfụ bụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa.Aqueous ngwọta nke surfactants bụ ụdị usoro nke na-adịkarị mfe ọgbọ ụfụfụ, na ike ha ịmepụta ụfụfụ na-emetụtakwa ihe ndị ọzọ.
A na-akpọ ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị nwere ike ịfụfụ dị mma.Ọ bụ ezie na onye na-ahụ maka ụfụfụ nwere ikike ụfụfụ dị mma, ma ụfụfụ a kpụrụ nwere ike ọ gaghị enwe ike ịnọgide na-adị ogologo oge, ya bụ, nkwụsi ike ya adịghị mma.Iji nọgide na-enwe nkwụsi ike nke ụfụfụ ahụ, mgbe mgbe na onye na-emepụta ụfụfụ iji gbakwunye ihe ndị nwere ike ime ka nkwụsi ike nke ụfụfụ ahụ dịkwuo elu, ihe a na-akpọ stabilizer foam, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ lauryl diethanolamine na dodecyl dimethylamine oxide.
(2) Nkwụsi ike nke ụfụfụ
Ụfụfụ bụ usoro na-adịghị akwụ ụgwọ nke thermodynamic na njedebe ikpeazụ bụ na mkpokọta elu nke mmiri mmiri dị n'ime usoro ahụ na-ebelata mgbe afụ ahụ gbajiri na ike efu na-ebelata.Usoro nkwụsịtụ bụ usoro nke akpụkpọ ahụ mmiri mmiri na-ekewa gas na-esiwanye ike ma dị nro ruo mgbe ọ gbajiri.Ya mere, a na-ekpebi ogo nkwụsi ike nke ụfụfụ ahụ site na ọsọ nke nkwụsị mmiri na ike nke ihe nkiri mmiri mmiri.Ihe ndị na-esonụ na-emetụtakwa nke a.
(3) mbibi ụfụfụ
Ụkpụrụ bụ isi nke mbibi ụfụfụ bụ ịgbanwe ọnọdụ ndị na-emepụta ụfụfụ ma ọ bụ ikpochapụ ihe ndị na-eme ka ahụ sie ike nke ụfụfụ ahụ, n'ihi ya, e nwere ụzọ anụ ahụ na nke kemịkalụ nke nsị.
Defoaming anụ ahụ pụtara ịgbanwe ọnọdụ nke mmepụta ụfụfụ mgbe ị na-ejigide ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ nke ngwọta ụfụfụ, dị ka ọgba aghara mpụga, mgbanwe okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ nrụgide na ọgwụgwọ ultrasonic bụ ụzọ anụ ahụ niile dị irè iji kpochapụ ụfụfụ.
Usoro nchacha nke kemịkalụ bụ ịgbakwunye ihe ụfọdụ iji soro onye na-emepụta ihe na-emekọ ihe iji belata ike nke ihe nkiri mmiri mmiri na ụfụfụ ma si otú ahụ belata nkwụsi ike nke ụfụfụ ahụ iji nweta nzube nke nsị, a na-akpọ ihe ndị dị otú ahụ ndị na-emepụta ihe.Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị defoamers bụ surfactants.Ya mere, dị ka usoro nke defoaming, defoamer kwesịrị inwe ike siri ike ibelata elu esemokwu, dị mfe adsorb n'elu, na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti elu adsorption ụmụ irighiri ihe na-adịghị ike, adsorption molecules ndokwa na a ọzọ esighi ike Ọdịdị.
Enwere ụdị defoamer dị iche iche, mana n'ụzọ bụ isi, ha niile bụ ndị na-abụghị ionic surfactants.Ndị na-abụghị ionic surfactants nwere ihe ndị na-egbochi ụfụfụ dị nso ma ọ bụ n'elu ebe igwe ojii ha ma na-ejikarị eme ihe dị ka ndị defoamers.A na-ejikarị mmanya na-aba n'anya, karịsịa mmanya na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe, fatty acids na fatty acid esters, polyamides, phosphate esters, silicone oil, wdg na-ejikarị dị ka ndị defoamers magburu onwe ya.
(4) ụfụfụ na ịsa ahụ
Enweghị njikọ kpọmkwem n'etiti ụfụfụ na ịdị irè ịsacha na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụfụfụ adịghị egosi irè nke ịsacha ahụ.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, surfactants nonionic nwere mmetụta ịfụfụ dị ntakịrị karịa ncha, mana mmetọ ha dị mma karịa ncha.
Mgbe ụfọdụ, ụfụfụ nwere ike inye aka n'iwepụ unyi na unyi.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe ị na-asa efere n'ime ụlọ, ụfụfụ nke ncha na-ebuli mmanụ mmanụ na mgbe ị na-ehichapụ kapeeti, ụfụfụ na-enyere aka iburu uzuzu, ntụ ntụ na unyi ndị ọzọ siri ike.Na mgbakwunye, enwere ike iji ụfụfụ mee ihe mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka ihe ngosi nke ịdị irè nke nchacha.N'ihi na mmanụ abụba nwere mmetụta na-egbochi ụfụfụ nke ncha, mgbe mmanụ dị ukwuu na obere ncha, ọ dịghị ụfụfụ ga-emepụta ma ọ bụ ụfụfụ mbụ ga-apụ n'anya.A pụkwara iji ụfụfụ mee ihe mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka ihe na-egosi ịdị ọcha nke nchacha, n'ihi na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụfụfụ na ngwọta nchacha na-eme ka ibelata na mbelata ihe nchacha, ya mere enwere ike iji ọnụ ọgụgụ ụfụfụ nyochaa ogo nchacha.
N'echiche sara mbara, ịsa ahụ bụ usoro iwepụ ihe ndị a na-achọghị na ihe a ga-asacha na imezu ebumnuche ụfọdụ.Ịsacha n'echiche a na-emekarị na-ezo aka na usoro nke iwepụ unyi n'elu nke ụgbọelu ahụ.Na ịsa ahụ, mmekọrịta dị n'etiti unyi na onye na-ebu ya na-ada mbà ma ọ bụ kpochapụ site na omume nke ụfọdụ ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ncha, wdg), nke mere na ngwakọta nke unyi na onye na-ebu ya na-agbanwe n'ime ngwakọta nke unyi na ncha, na n'ikpeazụ a na-ekewapụ unyi na onye na-ebu ya.Dị ka ihe ndị a ga-asacha na unyi a ga-ewepụ dị iche iche, ịsacha bụ usoro dị mgbagwoju anya na usoro isi nke ịsacha nwere ike igosipụta na mmekọrịta dị mfe na-esonụ.
Carrie··Dirt + Detergent= Onye na-ebu + Unyi
Enwere ike kewaa usoro ịsa ahụ n'ime ụzọ abụọ: nke mbụ, n'okpuru ọrụ nke nchacha, a na-ekewapụ unyi na onye na-ebu ya;Nke abuo, a na-ekposa unyi ahụ ewepụghị ma kwụsịtụ na ọkara.Usoro ịsa ahụ bụ usoro ntụgharị na unyi gbasasịrị na kwụsịtụrụ na etiti ahụ nwekwara ike ịmaliteghachi site na ọkara na ihe a na-asacha.Ya mere, ezigbo onye na-ehicha ihe kwesịrị inwe ike ịgbasa na kwụsịtụ unyi ma gbochie redeposition nke unyi, na mgbakwunye na ike iwepụ unyi site na ụgbọelu.
(1) Ụdị unyi
Ọbụna maka otu ihe ahụ, ụdị, ihe mejupụtara na ọnụ ọgụgụ unyi nwere ike ịdịgasị iche dabere na gburugburu ebe a na-eji ya eme ihe.Mmanụ ahụ unyi bụ tumadi ụfọdụ anụmanụ na akwukwo nri mmanụ na ịnweta mmanụ (dị ka crude mmanụ, mmanụ ụgbọala mmanụ, coal tar, wdg), siri ike unyi bụ tumadi soot, ash, nchara, carbon black, wdg N'ihe banyere uwe unyi, enwere unyi sitere na ahụ mmadụ, dịka ọsụsọ, sebum, ọbara, wdg;unyi sitere na nri, dị ka ntụpọ mkpụrụ osisi, nsị mmanụ esi nri, nsị condiment, starch, wdg;unyi sitere na ihe ịchọ mma, dị ka lipstick, ntu ntu, wdg;unyi sitere na ikuku, dị ka soot, uzuzu, apịtị, wdg;ndị ọzọ, dị ka ink, tii, mkpuchi, wdg Ọ na-abịa n'ụdị dị iche iche.
Enwere ike kewaa ụdị unyi dị iche iche na isi atọ: unyi siri ike, unyi mmiri mmiri na unyi pụrụ iche.
① Unyi siri ike
Unyi siri ike a na-ahụkarị gụnyere irighiri ihe nke ntụ, apịtị, ụwa, nchara na carbon ojii.Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị a nwere ụgwọ eletrik n'elu ha, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ebubo na-adịghị mma ma nwee ike itinye ya ngwa ngwa na ihe eriri.Unyi siri ike na-esikarị ike igbari n'ime mmiri, mana enwere ike ịgbasa ma kwụsịtụ site na ngwọta ncha.Unyi siri ike nke nwere obere ebe uka na-esikwu ike iwepụ.
② Unyi mmiri
Unyi mmiri na-abụkarị mmanụ soluble, gụnyere osisi na mmanụ anụmanụ, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, mmanụ ịnweta na oxides ha.N'ime ha, osisi na anụmanụ mmanụ, ọdụdụ asịd na alkali saponification nwere ike ime, mgbe ọdụdụ alcohols, ịnweta mmanụ na-adịghị saponified site alkali, ma nwere ike soluble na alcohols, ethers na hydrocarbon organic solvents, na detergent mmiri ngwọta emulsification na dispersion.Unyi mmiri na-agbaze mmanụ n'ozuzu na-enwe ike siri ike na ihe eriri, ma na-etinyekwa ya nke ọma na eriri.
③ Unyi pụrụ iche
Unyi pụrụ iche gụnyere protein, starch, ọbara, ihe nzuzo mmadụ dị ka ọsụsọ, sebum, mmamịrị na ihe ọṅụṅụ mkpụrụ osisi na ihe ọṅụṅụ tii.Ọtụtụ n'ime ụdị unyi a nwere ike iji kemịkalụ na nke siri ike tinye ya na ihe eriri.Ya mere, ọ na-esiri ike ịsacha.
A naghị ahụ ụdị unyi dị iche iche naanị ha, mana a na-agwakọtakarị ọnụ ma tinye ya n'ime ihe ahụ.Unyi nwere ike mgbe ụfọdụ oxidized, ree ma ọ bụ mebie n'okpuru mmetụta mpụga, si otú a na-emepụta unyi ọhụrụ.
(2)Adhesion nke unyi
Uwe, aka wdg nwere ike ime ntụpọ n'ihi na enwere ụdị mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ihe na unyi.Unyi na-arapara n'ihe n'ụzọ dị iche iche, ma ọ dịghị ihe karịrị adhesions anụ ahụ na kemịkal.
①Adhesion nke soot, uzuzu, apịtị, ájá na unyi na uwe bụ adhesion anụ ahụ.N'ikwu okwu n'ozuzu, site na adhesion nke unyi, na ọrụ dị n'etiti ihe nwere ntụpọ adịghị ike, iwepụ unyi dịkwa mfe.Dị ka ndị agha dị iche iche si dị, adhesion anụ ahụ nke unyi nwere ike kewaa n'ime nhazi igwe na nkedo electrostatic.
A: Mechanical adhesion
Ụdị adhesion a na-ezokarị aka na nrapado nke ụfọdụ unyi siri ike (dịka ọmụmaatụ, uzuzu, ájá na ájá).Mechanical adhesion bụ otu n'ime adịghị ike ụdị nke adhesion nke unyi na ike iwepụ fọrọ nke nta site kpere n'ibu ụzọ, ma mgbe unyi dị obere (<0.1um), ọ na-esi ike karị iwepụ.
B: Electrostatic adhesion
Electrostatic adhesion na-apụtakarị n'omume nke ụmụ irighiri unyi na-ebubo n'ihe ndị ebubo na-emegiderịta onwe ha.A na-ebuba ọtụtụ ihe ndị nwere fibrọs na mmiri na-adịghị mma ma enwere ike ijide ya n'ụzọ dị mfe site na ụfọdụ unyi chaja nke ọma, dị ka ụdị lime.Ụfọdụ unyi, ọ bụ ezie na ebubo na-ezighị ezi, dị ka carbon black particles na aqueous ngwọta, nwere ike rube isi na emep uta eri site ionic àkwà mmiri (ions n'etiti multiple oppositely ebubo ihe, eme ọnụ na ha na a akwa-dị ka n'ụzọ) kpụrụ site nti ion na mmiri (eg. , Ca2+, mg2+ wdg).
Omume electrostatic siri ike karịa ọrụ arụ ọrụ dị mfe, na-eme ka iwepụ unyi siri ike.
② Chemical adhesion
Mgbakwunye kemịkalụ na-ezo aka n'ọdịdị nke unyi na-eme ihe site na njikọ kemịkalụ ma ọ bụ hydrogen.Dị ka ihe atụ, polar siri ike unyi, protein, nchara na ndị ọzọ adhesion na eriri ihe, emep uta eri nwere carboxyl, hydroxyl, amide na ndị ọzọ dị iche iche, ndị a ìgwè na mmanu unyi unyi acids, ọdụdụ alcohols dị mfe na-etolite hydrogen agbụ.Ike kemịkalụ na-esikarị ike ma unyi na-ejikọta ya na ihe ahụ.Ụdị unyi a siri ike iwepụ site na ụzọ ndị a na-emekarị ma chọọ ụzọ pụrụ iche iji merie ya.
Ogo nke adhesion nke unyi metụtara ọdịdị nke unyi n'onwe ya na ọdịdị nke ihe a na-ejikọta ya.N'ozuzu, ụmụ irighiri ihe na-arapara n'ahụ ihe ndị nwere fibrous ngwa ngwa.Ihe dị ntakịrị nke unyi siri ike, otú ahụ ka adhesion siri ike.Unyi pola na ihe hydrophilic dị ka owu na iko na-akwadosi ike karịa unyi na-abụghị polar.Unyi na-abụghị polar na-agbasosi ike karịa unyi pola, dị ka abụba pola, uzuzu na ụrọ, ọ dịghịkwa mfe iwepụ na ihicha.
(3) Usoro iwepụ unyi
Ebumnuche nke ịsa ahụ bụ iwepu unyi.Na ọkara nke ụfọdụ okpomọkụ (tumadi mmiri).Iji mmetụta anụ ahụ na kemịkalụ dị iche iche nke ncha ahụ na-ebelata ma ọ bụ kpochapụ mmetụta nke unyi na ihe ndị a na-asacha, n'okpuru ọrụ nke ụfọdụ ndị agha na-arụ ọrụ (dị ka ịhịa aka n'ahụ, ịsa ahụ mkpali, mmetụta mmiri), nke mere na unyi na ihe ndị a na-asacha. site na nzube nke decontamination.
① Usoro nke iwepụ unyi mmiri mmiri
A: Wet
Mgbasa mmiri na-abụkarị mmanụ.Mmanụ na-agba mmiri ọtụtụ ihe ndị nwere fibrous ma gbasaa karịa ma ọ bụ obere dị ka ihe nkiri mmanụ n'elu ihe fibrous.Nzọụkwụ mbụ n'ime ọrụ ịsa ahụ bụ mmiri mmiri na-asachapụ n'elu.N'ihi ihe atụ, a pụrụ iche n'elu eriri eriri dị ka ebe siri ike dị larịị.
B: Mwepu mmanụ - usoro curling
Nzọụkwụ nke abụọ n'ime ọrụ ịsa ahụ bụ iwepụ mmanụ na griiz, a na-enweta mwepụ nke unyi mmiri mmiri site n'ụdị mkpuchi.The mmiri mmiri unyi mbụ adị n'elu n'ụdị a gbasaa mmanụ ihe nkiri, na n'okpuru preferential wetting mmetụta nke ịsa mmiri mmiri na siri ike elu (ie, eriri elu), ọ curled n'ime mmanụ beads nzọụkwụ site nzọụkwụ, nke. ejiri mmiri ịsa ahụ dochie anya ma mesịa hapụ elu n'okpuru ụfọdụ ike mpụga.
② Usoro nke iwepụ unyi siri ike
Mwepụ nke mmiri mmiri unyi bụ tumadi site preential wetting nke unyi ebu site na-asa ihe ngwọta, mgbe mwepụ usoro maka siri ike unyi dị iche iche, ebe ịsacha usoro bụ tumadi banyere wetting nke unyi uka na ya ụgbọelu elu site na ịsacha. ngwọta.N'ihi adsorption nke surfactants na unyi siri ike na elu ya na-ebu ya, mmekọrịta dị n'etiti unyi na elu na-ebelata na ike adhesion nke unyi unyi n'elu na-ebelata, si otú a na-ewepụ unyi unyi ngwa ngwa site n'elu. onye bu ya.
Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, mgbasa ozi nke surfactants, karịsịa ionic surfactants, n'elu nke unyi siri ike na onye na-ebu ya nwere ike ime ka ọ dịkwuo elu n'elu unyi siri ike na onye na-ebu ya, nke na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe iwepụ ihe ndị dị na ya. unyi.Ebe siri ike ma ọ bụ n'ozuzu fibrous na-ebukarị ebubo na-adịghị mma na mgbasa ozi aqueous ma nwee ike ịmepụta akwa eletrọnịkị okpukpu abụọ n'elu unyi ma ọ bụ elu siri ike.N'ihi nchụpụ nke ebubo otu, adhesion nke unyi n'ime mmiri na elu siri ike na-ebelata.Mgbe a na-agbakwunye surfactant anionic, n'ihi na ọ nwere ike n'otu oge na-abawanye ikike elu na-adịghị mma nke urughuru unyi na elu siri ike, ihe na-asọ oyi n'etiti ha na-emewanyewanyewanye, ike nke adhesion nke urughuru na-ebelata, na unyi dị mfe iwepụ. .
Ndị na-abụghị ionic surfactants na-adsorbed na n'ozuzu ebubo siri ike na-ebupụta na ọ bụ ezie na ha adịghị eme mgbanwe nke ukwuu interfacial nwere, na adsorbed na-abụghị ionic surfactants na-etolite a ụfọdụ ọkpụrụkpụ nke adsorbed oyi akwa n'elu nke na-enyere aka igbochi redeposition nke unyi.
N'ihe banyere cationic surfactants, mgbasa ozi ha na-ebelata ma ọ bụ wepụ ihe ndị na-adịghị mma nke oke unyi na ihe ndị na-ebu ya, nke na-ebelata ihe na-asọ oyi n'etiti unyi na elu ma ya mere ọ dịghị mma iji wepụ unyi;Ọzọkwa, mgbe adsorption n'elu elu siri ike, cationic surfactants na-atụgharị na hydrophobic siri ike na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-eme ka mmiri dị elu na ya mere ịsacha.
③ Mwepụ nke ala pụrụ iche
Protein, starch, secretions nke mmadụ, ihe ọṅụṅụ mkpụrụ osisi, ihe ọṅụṅụ tii na ihe ndị ọzọ dị otú ahụ siri ike wepụ ya na surfactants nkịtị ma chọọ ọgwụgwọ pụrụ iche.
Ngwunye protein dị ka ude, àkwá, ọbara, mmiri ara ehi na excreta anụ ahụ na-agbakọta na eriri na mmebi ma na-enwekwu ike.Enwere ike iwepụ protein na-emebi emebi site na iji protease.Enzyme protease na-akụda protein ndị dị na unyi n'ime amino acids ma ọ bụ oligopeptides na-agbaze mmiri.
Starch stains tumadi si nri, ndị ọzọ dị ka isi nri, gluu wdg Amylase nwere catalytic mmetụta na hydrolysis nke starch stains, na-eme ka starch agbajikwa n'ime sugars.
Lipase na-eme ka mbelata nke triglycerides, nke siri ike iwepụ site na usoro nkịtị, dị ka sebum na mmanụ oriri, na-agbajikwa ha n'ime glycerol soluble na fatty acids.
Ụfọdụ ntụpọ agba sitere na ihe ọṅụṅụ mkpụrụ osisi, ihe ọṅụṅụ tii, ink, lipstick wdg na-esikarị ike ihicha nke ọma ọbụna mgbe a sachara ya ugboro ugboro.Enwere ike iwepụ ntụpọ ndị a site na mmeghachi omume redox site na iji oxidizing ma ọ bụ ibelata ihe dị ka ịcha ọcha, nke na-emebi nhazi nke ndị na-emepụta agba ma ọ bụ ndị na-enye aka agba na-eweda ha n'ime obere mmiri na-agbaze.
(4) Usoro mkpochapụ ntụpọ nke ihicha akọrọ
Ihe dị n'elu bụ n'ezie maka mmiri dị ka usoro ịsa ahụ.N'ezie, n'ihi ụdị uwe na nhazi dị iche iche, ụfọdụ uwe na-eji mmiri ịsa mmiri adịghị adaba ma ọ bụ adịghị mfe ịsacha ọcha, ụfọdụ uwe mgbe ịsachara na ọbụna nrụrụ, na-ada mbà, wdg, dịka ọmụmaatụ: ọtụtụ eriri eke na-amịkọrọ mmiri na mmiri. dị mfe ịza, na akọrọ ma dị mfe ịkụda, ya mere, mgbe ịsachara, a ga-emebi;site na-asa ajị ngwaahịa na-apụtakarị shrinkage onu, ụfọdụ woolen ngwaahịa na mmiri ịsacha dịkwa mfe pilling, agba mgbanwe;Mmetụta aka ụfọdụ silks na-akawanye njọ ma ha sachara ahụ wee tụfuo ncha.Maka uwe ndị a na-ejikarị usoro ikpocha akọrọ mee ihe.Ihe a na-akpọ ihicha akọrọ n'ozuzu na-ezo aka na usoro ịsa ahụ na ihe mgbaze organic, karịsịa na ihe mgbaze na-abụghị polar.
Nhicha akọrọ bụ ụdị ịsa ahụ dị nro karịa ịsacha mmiri.N'ihi na ihicha akọrọ anaghị achọ ọtụtụ ihe eji arụ ọrụ, ọ naghị akpata mmebi, wrinkling na nrụrụ uwe, ebe ndị na-ehicha akọrọ, n'adịghị ka mmiri, anaghị emepụta mgbasawanye na nkwekọrịta.Ọ bụrụhaala na a na-edozi teknụzụ nke ọma, enwere ike ihicha uwe ahụ n'enweghị mgbagha, agba agba na ndụ ọrụ ogologo.
N'ihe gbasara ihicha akọrọ, enwere ụdị unyi atọ sara mbara.
① Unyi na-edozi mmanụ mmanụ na-ejikọta mmanụ na-agụnye ụdị mmanụ na griiz niile, nke bụ mmiri mmiri ma ọ bụ griiz ma nwee ike igbari na ihe mgbaze na-ehicha akọrọ.
② Mmiri soluble unyi Mmiri soluble unyi bụ soluble na aqueous ngwọta, ma ọ bụghị na akọrọ ihicha mmadụ, adsorbed na uwe na aqueous ala, mmiri evaporates mgbe ọdịda nke granular solids, dị ka inorganic salts, starch, protein, wdg.
③Oil na mmiri unyi insoluble Mmanụ na mmiri insoluble unyi abụghị soluble na mmiri ma ọ bụ soluble na akọrọ ihicha solvents, dị ka carbon ojii, silicates nke dị iche iche ọla na oxides, wdg.
N'ihi ọdịdị dị iche iche nke ụdị unyi dị iche iche, e nwere ụzọ dị iche iche isi wepụ unyi na usoro ikpocha akọrọ.Ala ndị na-agbaze mmanụ, dị ka mmanụ anụmanụ na ihe oriri, mmanụ ịnweta mmanụ na griiz, na-adị mfe nro na ihe mgbaze organic na enwere ike iwepụ ya ngwa ngwa na nhicha akọrọ.The magburu onwe solubility nke akọrọ-ihicha ihe mgbaze maka mmanụ na griiz n'ezie na-abịa site van der Walls agha n'etiti ụmụ irighiri ihe.
Maka iwepụ unyi na-edozi mmiri dị ka nnu inorganic, sugars, proteins na sweat, a ghaghị ịgbakwunye mmiri kwesịrị ekwesị na onye na-ehicha nkụ, ma ọ bụghị ya, mmiri na-esi ike na-esi ike wepụ ya na uwe.Otú ọ dị, mmiri na-esi ike ịgbari na ụlọ ọrụ na-ehicha akọrọ, ya mere, iji mee ka mmiri dịkwuo elu, ịkwesịrị ịgbakwunye surfactants.Ọnụnọ nke mmiri dị na onye na-ehicha ihe na-ekpo ọkụ nwere ike ime ka elu nke unyi na uwe na-eme ka mmiri dị ọcha, nke mere na ọ dị mfe ịmekọrịta polar ìgwè nke surfactants, nke na-eme ka mgbasa ozi nke surfactants dị n'elu.Na mgbakwunye, mgbe surfactants na-etolite micelles, unyi na mmiri nwere ike ịsacha mmiri n'ime micelles.Na mgbakwunye na ịba ụba mmiri nke ihe mgbaze na-ehicha akọrọ, ndị surfactants nwekwara ike ịrụ ọrụ n'igbochi ntinye nke unyi iji welie mmetụta nsị.
Ọnụnọ nke obere mmiri dị mkpa iji wepụ unyi na-agbaze mmiri, ma oke mmiri nwere ike ime ka mgbagwoju anya na wrinkling na ụfọdụ uwe, ya mere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmiri dị na onye na-ehicha nkụ ga-adị oke.
Unyi nke na-abụghị mmiri soluble ma ọ bụ mmanụ soluble, siri ike ahụ dị ka ash, apịtị, ụwa na carbon oji, na-adịkarị ejikọrọ na uwe site electrostatic agha ma ọ bụ na ngwakọta na mmanụ.Na akọrọ ihicha, eruba nke ihe mgbaze, mmetụta nwere ike ime ka electrostatic ike adsorption nke unyi pụọ, na akọrọ-ihicha gị n'ụlọnga nwere ike igbari mmanụ, nke mere na Nchikota mmanụ na unyi na mmasị na uwe nke siri ike ahụ pụọ na nkụ. -ehicha gị n'ụlọnga, akọrọ ihicha gị n'ụlọnga na a obere ego nke mmiri na surfactants, nke mere na ndị na-apụ apụ siri ike unyi ahụ nwere ike kwụsie ike nkwusioru, dispersion, iji gbochie ya re-deposition na uwe.
(5) Ihe ndị na-emetụta ọrụ ịsa ahụ
Mgbasa ozi ntụziaka nke surfactants na interface na mbelata nke esemokwu elu (interfacial) bụ isi ihe na-ewepụ mmiri mmiri ma ọ bụ unyi siri ike.Otú ọ dị, usoro ịsacha ahụ dị mgbagwoju anya na mmetụta ịsa ahụ, ọbụna na otu ụdị ncha, na-emetụta ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ.Ihe ndị a na-agụnye ntinye nke nchacha, okpomọkụ, ọdịdị nke nsị, ụdị eriri na nhazi nke ákwà.
① Ịta n'ahụ anya
Miceles nke surfactants na ngwọta na-ekere òkè dị mkpa na usoro ịsa ahụ.Mgbe ntinye uche rutere n'ihe dị oke egwu micelle (CMC), mmetụta ịsa ahụ na-abawanye nke ọma.Ya mere, ntinye nke ncha na ihe mgbaze kwesịrị ịdị elu karịa uru CMC iji nwee mmetụta ịsa ahụ dị mma.Otú ọ dị, mgbe ntinye uche nke surfactant dị elu karịa uru CMC, mmụba na-abawanye na mmetụta ịsa ahụ adịghị egosi na ọ dịghị mkpa ịbawanye ntinye nke surfactant nke ukwuu.
Mgbe ị na-ewepụ mmanụ site na solubilization, mmetụta solubilization na-abawanye na ụba nke surfactant, ọbụlagodi mgbe ntinye uche dị n'elu CMC.N'oge a, ọ bụ ihe amamihe dị na ya iji ncha na mpaghara etiti.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụrụ na enwere ọtụtụ unyi na cuff na olu nke uwe, a pụrụ itinye akwa akwa akwa n'oge ịsacha iji mee ka mmetụta solubilizing nke surfactant dị na mmanụ.
② Okpomọkụ nwere mmetụta dị oke mkpa na mmetọ ahụ.N'ozuzu, ịba ụba okpomọkụ na-eme ka mwepụ nke unyi dị mfe, ma mgbe ụfọdụ oke okpomọkụ nwekwara ike ịkpata adịghị ike.
Mmụba nke okpomọkụ na-eme ka mgbasa nke unyi dị mfe, griiz siri ike na-adị mfe emulsified na okpomọkụ n'elu ebe mgbaze ya na eriri na-abawanye na ọzịza n'ihi mmụba nke okpomọkụ, ihe niile na-eme ka mwepụ nke unyi.Otú ọ dị, maka akwa kọmpat, microgaps dị n'etiti eriri na-ebelata ka eriri ndị ahụ na-agbasa, nke na-emerụ ahụ na-ewepụ unyi.
Mgbanwe okpomọkụ na-emetụta solubility, uru CMC na micelle size nke surfactants, si otú ahụ na-emetụta mmetụta ịsa ahụ.Solubility nke surfactants na ogologo carbon carbon chains dị ala na obere okpomọkụ na mgbe ụfọdụ solubility bụ ọbụna ala karịa CMC uru, ya mere na-asa ahụ okpomọkụ kwesịrị ibuli kwesịrị ekwesị.Mmetụta nke okpomọkụ na uru CMC na nha micel dị iche maka ionic na ndị na-abụghị ionic surfactants.Maka ionic surfactants, mmụba nke okpomọkụ n'ozuzu na-abawanye uru CMC ma na-ebelata nha micelle, nke pụtara na ntinye nke surfactant na ngwọta ịsacha kwesịrị ịba ụba.Maka ndị na-abụghị ionic surfactants, mmụba nke okpomọkụ na-eduga n'ịbelata uru CMC na mmụba dị ukwuu na olu micelle, ya mere o doro anya na mmụba kwesịrị ekwesị na okpomọkụ ga-enyere onye na-abụghị ionic surfactant aka ịrụ ọrụ elu ya. .Agbanyeghị, ọnọdụ okpomọkụ ekwesịghị ịfe ebe igwe ojii ya.
Na nkenke, okpomọkụ ịsacha kacha mma na-adabere n'ụdị ncha na ihe a na-asacha.Ụfọdụ nchacha na-enwe mmetụta dị mma na-ekpo ọkụ na ụlọ okpomọkụ, ebe ndị ọzọ nwere ihe dị iche iche dị iche iche n'etiti oyi na ịsacha ọkụ.
③ Ụfụfụ
Ọ bụ omenala iji mgbagwoju anya ike ịfụfụ na mmetụta ịsacha, na-ekwere na ihe nchacha nwere ike ịfụfụ dị elu nwere mmetụta ịsa ahụ dị mma.Nnyocha egosiwo na ọ dịghị njikọ kpọmkwem n'etiti mmetụta ịsa ahụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụfụfụ.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịsacha ihe na-ekpo ọkụ dị ala adịghị arụ ọrụ karịa ịsacha ihe na-ekpo ọkụ dị elu.
Ọ bụ ezie na ụfụfụ adịghị emetụta kpọmkwem ịsa ahụ, enwere oge mgbe ọ na-enyere aka iwepụ unyi, dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe ị na-eji aka na-asa efere.Mgbe ị na-ehicha kapeeti, ụfụfụ nwekwara ike wepụ uzuzu na unyi ndị ọzọ siri ike, ihe ruru uzuzu kapeeti maka oke uzuzu, ya mere ndị na-ehicha kapeeti kwesịrị inwe ụfọdụ ikike ịfụfụ.
Ike ịfụfụ dịkwa mkpa maka shampoos, ebe ezigbo ụfụfụ nke mmiri mmiri na-emepụta n'oge ịsa ntutu ma ọ bụ ịsa ahụ na-eme ka ntutu nwee mmetụta mmanụ na ntụsara ahụ.
④ Ụdị dị iche iche nke eriri na ihe anụ ahụ nke textiles
Na mgbakwunye na usoro kemịkalụ nke eriri, nke na-emetụta adhesion na mwepụ nke unyi, ọdịdị nke eriri na nhazi nke yarn na ákwà nwere mmetụta na ịdị mfe nke iwepụ unyi.
Ihe akpịrịkpa nke eriri ajị anụ na rịbọn dị larịị nke eriri owu nwere ike ịgbakọba unyi karịa eriri dị larịị.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, carbon ojii nwere ntụpọ na fim cellulose (ihe nkiri viscose) dị mfe iwepụ, ebe carbon ojii nke dị na akwa akwa na-esi ike ịsachapụ.Ihe atụ ọzọ bụ na akwa dị mkpụmkpụ nke e ji polyester mee na-adịkarị mfe ịkwakọba ntụpọ mmanụ karịa akwa ogologo eriri, na ntụpọ mmanụ na akwa obere eriri na-esikwa ike iwepụ karịa mmanu mmanu na akwa ogologo eriri.
Tttly gbagọrọ agbagọ yarns na uko akwa, n'ihi na obere ọdịiche dị n'etiti eriri, nwere ike iguzogide mbuso agha nke unyi, ma otu ihe ahụ nwekwara ike igbochi ịsacha mmiri mmiri ewepu esịtidem unyi, otú uko akwa na-amalite iguzogide unyi ọma, ma ozugbo ntụpọ. ịsa ahụ dịkwa ike karịa.
⑤ Isi ike nke mmiri
Ntinye nke Ca2 +, Mg2 + na ion metal ndị ọzọ na mmiri nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na mmetụta ịsa ahụ, karịsịa mgbe ndị surfactants anionic na-ezute Ca2 + na Mg2 + ion na-emepụta calcium na magnesium salts nke na-adịchaghị ike ma na-ebelata nkwụsị ya.Na mmiri siri ike, ọ bụrụgodị na ntinye nke surfactant dị elu, nkwụsị ahụ ka dị njọ karịa na distillation.Maka surfactant nwere mmetụta ịsa ahụ kacha mma, ntinye nke ion Ca2+ na mmiri kwesịrị ibelata 1 x 10-6 mol / L (CaCO3 ruo 0.1 mg / L) ma ọ bụ obere.Nke a na-achọ mgbakwunye dị iche iche dị nro na ncha.
Oge nzipu: Feb-25-2022