1. Esemokwu dị n'elu
A na-akpọ ike nkwekọrịta kwa nkeji n'ogologo n'elu mmiri mmiri, nke a tụrụ na N • m-1.
2. Ọrụ elu na surfactant
Ihe onwunwe nke nwere ike ibelata esemokwu elu nke ihe mgbaze na-akpọ ọrụ elu, na ihe ndị nwere ọrụ elu na-akpọ ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'elu.
Surfactant na-ezo aka na ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'elu nke nwere ike ịmepụta micelles na nchịkọta ndị ọzọ na ngwọta mmiri mmiri, na-arụ ọrụ elu elu, ma nweekwa wetting, emulsifying, foaming, ịsacha, na ọrụ ndị ọzọ.
3. Njirimara nhazi nke molecular nke surfactant
Surfactant bụ ogige organic nwere ihe owuwu na akụrụngwa pụrụ iche nke nwere ike gbanwee esemokwu dị n'etiti akụkụ abụọ ma ọ bụ esemokwu elu nke mmiri mmiri (na-abụkarị mmiri), ma nwee ihe ndị dị ka wetting, foaming, emulsification, na ịsacha.
N'ikwu okwu n'usoro, surfactants na-ekekọrịta njirimara nke inwe otu abụọ dị iche iche na-arụ ọrụ n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ha. Otu njedebe bụ otu ogologo agbụ na-abụghị polar nke na-agbaze na mmanụ ma na-adịghị edozi na mmiri, nke a maara dị ka ìgwè hydrophobic ma ọ bụ hydrophobic. Ndị a hydrophobic iche iche bụ n'ozuzu ogologo yinye hydrocarbons, mgbe ụfọdụ nakwa organic fluorine, organosilicon, organophosphorus, organotin chains, wdg The ọzọ ọgwụgwụ bụ a mmiri-soluble ọtọ otu, ya bụ a hydrophilic otu ma ọ bụ hydrophilic otu. Otu hydrophilic ga-enwerịrị hydrophilicity zuru oke iji hụ na ihe niile dị n'elu mmiri na-agbaze na mmiri ma nwee ike dị mkpa. N'ihi ọnụnọ nke hydrophilic na hydrophobic dị iche iche na surfactants, ha nwere ike igbari ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu akụkụ nke mmiri mmiri. A na-akpọ njirimara hydrophilic na oleophilic nke surfactants amphiphilicity.
4.Ụdị surfactants
Surfactants bụ molekul amphiphilic nwere ma hydrophobic na hydrophilic otu. The hydrophobic iche iche nke surfactants na-n'ozuzu esịnede ogologo yinye hydrocarbons, dị ka ogologo yinye alkyl C8-C20, branched yinye alkyl C8-C20, alkylphenyl (na 8-16 alkyl carbon atom), wdg Ihe dị iche na hydrophobic dị iche iche tumadi idu ke structural mgbanwe nke carbon dị iche iche nke carbon dị iche iche, mgbe e nwere dịtụ hydrogen dị iche iche. Ya mere, ihe onwunwe nke surfactants na-emetụta ndị otu hydrophilic na mgbakwunye na nha na ọdịdị nke ìgwè hydrophobic. Mgbanwe nhazi nke otu hydrophilic dị ukwuu karịa nke otu hydrophobic, ya mere nhazi nke surfactants na-adaberekarị na nhazi nke ìgwè hydrophilic. Nkewa nke a dabere na ma otu hydrophilic bụ ionic, na-ekewa ha n'ime anionic, cationic, nonionic, zwitterionic, na ụdị ndị ọzọ pụrụ iche nke surfactants.
5. Àgwà nke surfactant aqueous ngwọta
① Adsorption nke surfactants na interfaces
Mkpụrụ ndụ ndị dị n'elu nwere otu lipophilic na hydrophilic, na-eme ka ha bụrụ molekul amphiphilic. Mmiri bụ mmiri mmiri pola siri ike. Mgbe surfactants agbaze na mmiri, dị ka ụkpụrụ nke polarity myirịta na polarity iche repulsion, ha hydrophilic ìgwè na-adọta na mmiri na-agbari na mmiri, ebe ha lipophilic otu ichupu mmiri na-ahapụ mmiri. N'ihi ya, ụmụ irighiri ihe (ma ọ bụ ions) na-agbakọta na interface dị n'etiti akụkụ abụọ ahụ, na-ebelata esemokwu n'etiti akụkụ abụọ ahụ. Ka ụmụ irighiri ihe dị elu (ma ọ bụ ion) na-agbasa na interface ahụ, ka ọ na-abawanye mbelata nke esemokwu n'etiti ihu.
② Ụfọdụ Njirimara nke akpụkpọ ahụ adsorption
Nrụgide dị n'elu nke akpụkpọ ahụ adsorption: Surfactants adsorb na interface mmiri gas na-emepụta akpụkpọ ahụ adsorption. Ọ bụrụ na etinyere efere na-ese n'elu mmiri na-enweghị mgbagha na interface ahụ na efere na-ese n'elu na-akpali akpụkpọ ahụ adsorption n'akụkụ ihe ngwọta ahụ, akpụkpọ ahụ na-eme ka nrụgide dị na efere na-ese n'elu mmiri, nke a na-akpọ nrụgide elu.
Viscosity dị n'elu: Dị ka nrụgide elu, viscosity elu bụ ihe ihe nkiri ihe nkiri na-adịghị edozi ahụ gosipụtara. Kwụsịta mgbanaka platinum nke nwere waya ọla dị mkpa, mee ka ụgbọ elu ya kpọtụrụ mmiri dị n'elu mmiri ahụ, gbanwee mgbanaka platinum, mgbanaka platinum na-egbochi viscosity nke mmiri ahụ, njupụta ahụ na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ebelata, dịka nke a pụrụ iji tụọ viscosity elu. Usoro bụ: mbụ na-eduzi nnwale na mmiri dị ọcha, tụọ njupụta attenuation, wee tụọ attenuation mgbe e guzobere n'elu ihu nkpuchi, na gbakọọ viscosity nke elu ihu nkpuchi si dị iche n'etiti abụọ.
Viscosity elu nwere njikọ chiri anya na nkwụsi ike nke nkpuchi ihu. Ebe ọ bụ na ihe nkiri adsorption nwere nrụgide elu na viscosity, ọ ghaghị ịdị na-agbanwe. Ka elu elu nrụgide na viscosity nke akpụkpọ ahụ adsorption, otú ahụ ka modul ya na-agbanwe. Ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe nke ihe nkiri adsorption elu dị oke mkpa na usoro nkwụsịtụ ụfụfụ.
③ Nhazi nke micelles
Ngwọta dilute nke surfactants na-agbaso iwu nke ngwọta dị mma. Ọnụ ego mgbasa ozi nke surfactants n'elu ihe ngwọta na-abawanye na ntinye nke ngwọta. Mgbe itinye uche ruru ma ọ bụ karịa otu uru, ego mgbasa ozi anaghịzi abawanye. Ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị a na-emebiga ihe ókè na ngwọta na-emebi ma ọ bụ na-adịkwa n'ụzọ ọ bụla. Ma omume na tiori egosila na ha na-etolite mkpokọta na ngwọta, nke a na-akpọ micelles.
Ntinye uche nke micelle dị oke egwu: Opekempe kacha nta nke ndị surfactants na-etolite micelles na ngwọta ka a na-akpọ mkpokọta micelle dị oke egwu.
④ The CMC uru nke nkịtị surfactant.
6. Hydrophilic na oleophilic nha nha nha
HLB na-anọchi anya hydrophilic lipophilic itule, nke na-anọchite anya ụkpụrụ hydrophilic na lipophilic equilibrium nke hydrophilic na lipophilic otu nke surfactant, ya bụ uru HLB nke surfactant. Uru HLB dị elu na-egosi ike hydrophilicity na adịghị ike lipophilicity nke molekul; N'ụzọ megidere nke ahụ, ọ nwere lipophilicity siri ike na hydrophilicity na-adịghị ike.
① Iwu na uru HLB
Uru HLB bụ uru bara uru, ya mere, mgbe ị na-emepụta uru HLB, dị ka ọkọlọtọ, a na-edozi uru HLB nke paraffin na-enweghị ihe onwunwe hydrophilic na 0, ebe uru HLB nke sodium dodecyl sulfate na mmiri siri ike na-edozi na 40. Ya mere, uru HLB nke surfactants na-adịkarị n'ime 1-40. N'ikwu okwu n'ozuzu, emulsifiers nwere ụkpụrụ HLB na-erughị 10 bụ lipophilic, ebe emulsifiers nwere ụkpụrụ HLB karịrị 10 bụ hydrophilic. Ya mere, ntụgharị site na lipophilicity gaa na hydrophilicity bụ ihe dịka 10.
7. Emulsification na mmetụta solubilization
A na-akpọ mmiri mmiri abụọ na-enweghị atụ, nke a na-emepụta site na-agbasasị akụkụ (mkpụrụ mmiri ma ọ bụ kristal mmiri) na nke ọzọ, emulsion. Mgbe ị na-akpụ emulsion, mpaghara interfacial n'etiti mmiri abụọ ahụ na-abawanye, na-eme ka sistemu ahụ ghara ịdị n'otu. Iji mee ka emulsion kwụsie ike, akụkụ nke atọ - emulsifier - kwesịrị ịgbakwunye iji belata ike interfacial nke usoro ahụ. Emulsifiers bụ nke surfactants, na ọrụ ha bụ isi bụ ime ihe dị ka emulsifiers. The frasi nke ụmụ irighiri mmiri dị na emulsion na-akpọ achụsasịwo frasi (ma ọ bụ esịtidem frasi, discontinuous frasi), na ndị ọzọ na-adọ jikọtara ọnụ na-akpọ achụsasịwo ọkara (ma ọ bụ mpụga na-adọ, na-aga n'ihu na-adọ).
① emulsifiers na emulsions
Common emulsions iso nke otu na-adọ nke mmiri ma ọ bụ aqueous ngwọta, na ndị ọzọ na-adọ nke organic ogige na-immiscible na mmiri, dị ka mmanụ, waxes, wdg The emulsion kpụrụ mmiri na mmanụ nwere ike kewara abụọ ụdị dabeere na ha dispersion: mmanụ agbasasị na mmiri Nleta a mmiri na mmanụ emulsion, nọchiri anya O / W (mmanụ / mmiri); mmiri gbasasịrị na mmanụ na-etolite mmiri na emulsion mmanụ, nke W / O (mmiri / mmanụ) nọchiri anya ya. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, mmiri mgbagwoju anya na mmanụ na mmiri W/O / W na mmanụ na mmiri na mmanụ O / W / O emulsions nwekwara ike ịmalite.
Ihe emulsifier na-eme ka emulsion kwụsie ike site n'ibelata esemokwu n'etiti ihu na ịmepụta ihe mkpuchi ihu monolayer.
Ihe ndị chọrọ maka emulsifiers na emulsification: a: emulsifiers ga-enwe ike ịkwado ma ọ bụ mee ka ọ dịkwuo mma na interface n'etiti akụkụ abụọ ahụ, na-ebelata esemokwu interfacial; b: Emulsifiers ga-enye ụmụ irighiri ihe ọkụ eletrik, na-eme ka mgbagha electrostatic dị n'etiti ahụ ma ọ bụ na-akpụ ihe nkiri nchebe nke ukwuu na gburugburu ahụ. Yabụ, ihe eji eme emulsifiers ga-enwerịrị otu amphiphilic iji nwee mmetụta emulsifying, ndị surfactants nwere ike iru ihe a chọrọ.
② Ụzọ nkwadebe nke emulsions na ihe ndị na-emetụta nkwụsi ike emulsion
E nwere ụzọ abụọ maka ịkwadebe emulsions: otu bụ iji usoro nhazi iji gbasaa mmiri mmiri n'ime obere ihe na mmiri mmiri ọzọ, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe na ụlọ ọrụ iji kwadebe emulsions; Ụzọ ọzọ bụ igbari mmiri mmiri n'ime ọnọdụ molekụla n'ime mmiri ọzọ wee kwe ka ọ gbakọta nke ọma iji mepụta emulsion.
Nkwụsi ike nke emulsions na-ezo aka n'ikike ha iguzogide mkpokọta urughuru ma mee ka nkewa nkewa. Emulsions bụ sistemu na-adịghị akwụsi ike nke nwere ike n'efu. Ya mere, nkwụsi ike nke emulsion na-ezo aka n'ezie oge achọrọ maka usoro ahụ iji ruo nha nha, ya bụ, oge achọrọ maka mmiri mmiri na usoro ahụ iji kewaa.
Mgbe enwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa polar dị ka mmanya na-egbu egbu, fatty acid na fatty amine na ihu ihu, ike nke akpụkpọ ahụ na-abawanye nke ukwuu. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị dị na interface adsorption oyi akwa na-emekọrịta ihe na mkpụrụ ndụ pola dị ka mmanya, acid na amine iji mepụta "mgbagwoju anya", nke na-abawanye ike nke ihu ihu ihu.
Emulsifiers mejupụtara abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa surfactants ka a na-akpọ ngwakọta emulsifiers. Ngwakọta emulsifiers na-adaba na interface mmiri/mmanụ, yana mmekọrịta intermolecular nwere ike ịmepụta ogige. N'ihi mkparịta ụka intermolecular siri ike, esemokwu nke ihu na-ebelata nke ukwuu, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke emulsifier adsorbed na interface na-abawanye nke ukwuu, na njupụta na ike nke ihe mkpuchi ihu ihu na-etolite.
Ụgwọ nke ụmụ irighiri mmiri na-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na nkwụsi ike nke emulsions. Emulsion kwụsiri ike na-enwekarị ụmụ irighiri mmiri nwere ụgwọ eletrik. Mgbe ị na-eji emulsifiers ionic, ion emulsifier adsorbed na interface tinye otu lipophilic ha n'ime oge mmanụ, ebe ndị otu hydrophilic nọ na mmiri mmiri, si otú a na-eme ka ụmụ irighiri mmiri na-ebu. N'ihi n'eziokwu na ụmụ irighiri mmiri nke emulsion na-ebu otu ụgwọ ahụ, ha na-achụpụ ibe ha ma ghara ịdị ngwa ngwa, na-eme ka nkwụsi ike dịkwuo elu. Enwere ike ịhụ na ka ion emulsifier na-adaba na ụmụ irighiri mmiri ndị ahụ, ka ha na-akwụ ụgwọ, na ike ha na-egbochi ikpokọta droplet, na-eme ka usoro emulsion kwụsie ike.
The viscosity nke emulsion dispersion media nwere mmetụta ụfọdụ na nkwụsi ike nke emulsion. N'ozuzu, elu nke viscosity nke mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi, nke dị elu nke nkwụsi ike nke emulsion. Nke a bụ n'ihi na viscosity nke mgbasa ozi na-agbasasị dị elu, nke na-egbochi ike Brownian ngagharị nke mmiri mmiri mmiri, na-ebelata nkukota n'etiti ụmụ irighiri mmiri, ma na-eme ka usoro ahụ kwụsie ike. Ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emekarị ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-edozi ahụ na emulsions nwere ike ime ka viscosity nke usoro ahụ dịkwuo elu ma welie nkwụsi ike nke emulsion. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, polymer nwekwara ike ịmepụta ihe mkpuchi ihu ihu siri ike, na-eme ka emulsion usoro kwụsie ike.
N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ịgbakwunye ntụ ntụ siri ike nwekwara ike ime ka emulsion kwụsie ike. Uzuzu siri ike adịghị na mmiri, mmanụ ma ọ bụ na interface, dabere na ike wetting mmanụ na mmiri na ntụ ntụ siri ike. Ọ bụrụ na ntụ ọka siri ike adịghị edozi ya kpamkpam na mmanụ nwere ike ime ya, ọ ga-anọgide na mmiri mmiri mmanụ.
Ihe mere na ntụ ntụ siri ike adịghị eme ka emulsion kwụsie ike bụ na ntụ ntụ gbakọtara na interface adịghị ewusi ihe mkpuchi ihu ihu, nke yiri ihe ntanetị mgbasa ozi emulsifier. Ya mere, na nso siri ike uzuzu ahụ na-ahaziri na interface, ndị ọzọ kwụsiri ike emulsion ga-.
Surfactants nwere ikike nke ukwuu ịbawanye solubility nke organic ogige bụ insoluble ma ọ bụ ubé soluble na mmiri mgbe kpụrụ micelles na aqueous ngwọta, na ngwọta bụ uzo n'oge a. A na-akpọ mmetụta a nke micelles solubilisation. A na-akpọ ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe ndị nwere ike ịmepụta mmetụta solubilizing solubilizers, na ogige organic nke na-eme ka a na-akpọ ogige solubilized.
8. Ụfụfụ
Ụfụfụ na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na usoro ịsa ahụ. Ụfụfụ na-ezo aka na usoro mgbasa ozi nke gas na-agbasa na mmiri mmiri ma ọ bụ siri ike. Gas bụ oge mgbasa, na mmiri mmiri ma ọ bụ siri ike bụ ihe na-ekesa. A na-akpọ nke mbụ ụfụfụ mmiri mmiri, ebe a na-akpọ nke ikpeazụ ụfụfụ siri ike, dị ka plastik ụfụfụ, iko ụfụfụ, simenti ụfụfụ, wdg.
(1) Nhazi nke ụfụfụ
Ụfụfụ ebe a na-ezo aka na nchịkọta nke egosipụta nkewapụrụ site na ihe nkiri mmiri mmiri. N'ihi nnukwu ọdịiche dị na njupụta dị n'etiti oge a gbasasịa (gas) na nke na-agbasasị (mmiri mmiri), na obere viscosity nke mmiri mmiri, ụfụfụ nwere ike ịrị elu na ọkwa mmiri ngwa ngwa.
Usoro nke ịkpụ ụfụfụ bụ iweta nnukwu gas n'ime mmiri mmiri, na egosipụta na mmiri mmiri na-alaghachi n'elu mmiri ngwa ngwa, na-eme ka nchịkọta afụ nkewapụrụ site na obere mmiri mmiri na gas.
Ụfụ nwere ihe abụọ dị ịrịba ama e ji mara na morphology: otu bụ na egosipụta dị ka agbasasịwo agba na-abụkarị polyhedral, n'ihi na na intersection nke egosipụta, e nwere ọchịchọ nke mmiri mmiri film ịghọ thinner, na-eme ka egosipụta polyhedral. Mgbe ihe nkiri mmiri mmiri na-adị ntakịrị ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ, egosipụta ga-agbaji; Nke abụọ, mmiri mmiri dị ọcha enweghị ike ịmepụta ụfụfụ kwụsiri ike, mana mmiri mmiri nke nwere ike ịmepụta ụfụfụ bụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala ihe abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa. Ngwọta mmiri nke surfactant bụ usoro a na-ahụkarị dị mfe ịmepụta ụfụfụ, na ike ya ịmepụta ụfụfụ na-ejikọta ya na ihe ndị ọzọ.
A na-akpọ ndị na-emepụta ihe ndị nwere ikike ịfụfụ dị mma. Ọ bụ ezie na onye na-ahụ maka ụfụfụ nwere ikike ụfụfụ dị mma, ụfụfụ a kpụrụ nwere ike ọ gaghị enwe ike ịnọgide na-adị ogologo oge, ya bụ, nkwụsi ike ya nwere ike ọ gaghị adị mma. Iji nọgide na-enwe nkwụsi ike nke ụfụfụ, a na-agbakwunyekarị ihe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-eme ka ụfụfụ dị ike, nke a na-akpọ stabilizer foam. Ihe nkwụnye ụfụfụ a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ lauroyl diethanolamine na dodecyl dimethyl amine oxide.
(2) Nkwụsi ike nke ụfụfụ
Ụfụ bụ a thermodynamically ejighị n'aka usoro, na ikpeazụ omume bụ na ngụkọta elu ebe nke mmiri mmiri na usoro mbelata na free ike mbelata mgbe afụ agbasa. Usoro nkwụsịtụ bụ usoro nke ihe nkiri mmiri mmiri na-ekewa gas na-agbanwe oke ruo mgbe ọ gbawara. Ya mere, a na-ekpebi nkwụsi ike nke ụfụfụ site na ọsọ ọsọ nke mmiri mmiri na ike nke ihe nkiri mmiri mmiri. Enwere ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ na-emetụta.
① Esemokwu dị n'elu
Site n'echiche ike, esemokwu dị ala dị ala dị mma maka ịmepụta ụfụfụ, ma ọ nweghị ike ikwe nkwa nkwụsi ike nke ụfụfụ. Esemokwu dị n'elu ala, ọdịiche nrụgide dị ala, ọsọ mmiri na-agbapụta ngwa ngwa, na ịbelata ihe nkiri mmiri mmiri na-adịghị ngwa na-enyere aka nkwụsi ike nke ụfụfụ.
② Viscosity elu
Isi ihe na-ekpebi nkwụsi ike nke ụfụfụ bụ ike nke ihe nkiri mmiri mmiri, bụ nke a na-emekarị site na nkwụsi ike nke ihe nkiri adsorption elu, nke a na-atụle site na viscosity elu. Nnwale na-egosi na ụfụfụ nke ngwọta na-emepụta na viscosity elu elu nwere ogologo ndụ. Nke a bụ n'ihi na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti adsorbed molecules n'elu na-eduga na mmụba nke ike akpụkpọ ahụ, si otú ahụ na-eme ka ndụ nke ụfụfụ dịkwuo mma.
③ Ngwọta viscosity
Mgbe viscosity nke mmiri mmiri n'onwe ya na-abawanye, mmiri mmiri dị na ihe nkiri mmiri ahụ adịghị mfe ịhapụ ya, na ọsọ ọsọ nke ihe nkiri mmiri mmiri na-egbu egbu na-adị nwayọọ, nke na-egbu oge oge nke ihe nkiri mmiri na-agbaji ma na-abawanye nkwụsi ike nke ụfụfụ ahụ.
④ Mmetụta 'mmezi' nke esemokwu elu
Surfactants adsorbed n'elu ihe nkiri mmiri mmiri nwere ike iguzogide mgbasawanye ma ọ bụ nkwekọrịta nke ihe nkiri mmiri mmiri, nke anyị na-ezo aka dị ka mmetụta nrụzi. Nke a bụ n'ihi na e nwere ihe nkiri mmiri mmiri nke surfactants adsorbed n'elu, na ịgbasa n'elu ya ga-ebelata ịta nke elu adsorbed ụmụ irighiri ihe na-amụba elu esemokwu. Ịgbasawanye elu elu ga-achọ mgbalị ka ukwuu. N'aka nke ọzọ, mbelata ebe dị n'elu ga-eme ka ọnụọgụ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe na-eme ka ọ dị n'elu, na-ebelata esemokwu elu ma na-egbochi mbelata ọzọ.
⑤ Mgbasa gas site na ihe nkiri mmiri mmiri
N'ihi ịdị adị nke nrụgide capillary, nrụgide nke obere egosipụta na ụfụfụ dị elu karịa nke nnukwu egosipụta, nke ga-eme ka gas dị na obere egosipụta na-agbasa n'ime obere nrụgide dị ukwuu site na ihe nkiri mmiri mmiri, na-eme ka ihe ahụ pụta ìhè na obere egosipụta na-adị ntakịrị, nnukwu egosipụta na-ebuwanye ibu, na n'ikpeazụ ụfụfụ ahụ na-agbaji. Ọ bụrụ na agbakwunyere surfactant, ụfụfụ ahụ ga-adị otu na oke mgbe ọ na-afụ ụfụ, ọ dịghịkwa mfe ịmepụ ụfụfụ. Ebe ọ bụ na a na-ahazi surfactant nke ọma na ihe nkiri mmiri mmiri, ọ na-esiri ike ikuku ikuku, nke na-eme ka ụfụfụ ahụ kwụsie ike.
⑥ Mmetụta nke ụgwọ elu
Ọ bụrụ na a na-ebubo ihe nkiri mmiri ụfụfụ ahụ na otu akara ahụ, akụkụ abụọ nke ihe nkiri mmiri ahụ ga-emegharị ibe ya, na-egbochi ihe nkiri mmiri ahụ ka ọ ghara ịdị nro ma ọ bụ ọbụna mbibi. Ionic surfactants nwere ike inye mmetụta nkwụsi ike a.
N'ikpeazụ, ike nke ihe nkiri mmiri mmiri bụ isi ihe iji chọpụta nkwụsi ike nke ụfụfụ. Dị ka ihe na-emepụta ihe maka ndị na-eme ụfụfụ na ndị na-eme ka ụfụfụ na-eme ka ọ dị nro, nkwụsi ike na nkwụsi ike nke ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị dị n'elu bụ ihe kachasị mkpa. Mgbe mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị dị n'elu dị ike, a na-ahazi ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nke ọma, nke ọ bụghị nanị na-eme ka ihe mkpuchi ihu n'elu ya nwee ike dị elu, kamakwa na-eme ka ngwọta dị n'akụkụ ihe mkpuchi ihu na-esi ike na-asọba n'ihi nnukwu viscosity elu, n'ihi ya, ọ na-esiri ike maka ihe nkiri mmiri mmiri na-agbapụta, na ọkpụrụkpụ nke ihe nkiri mmiri ahụ dị mfe iji nọgide na-enwe. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ụmụ irighiri ihe dị n'elu a haziri chiri anya nwekwara ike ibelata ikuku nke ikuku gas ma si otú ahụ mee ka nkwụsi ike nke ụfụfụ dịkwuo elu.
(3) Nbibi nke ụfụfụ
Ụkpụrụ bụ isi nke imebi ụfụfụ bụ ịgbanwe ọnọdụ maka ịmepụta ụfụfụ ma ọ bụ wepụ ihe nkwụsi ike nke ụfụfụ, ya mere e nwere ụzọ abụọ na-emebi ụfụfụ, anụ ahụ na kemịkal.
Defoaming anụ ahụ bụ ịgbanwe ọnọdụ n'okpuru ebe a na-emepụta ụfụfụ mgbe ị na-ejigide ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ nke ngwọta ụfụfụ agbanweghị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọgba aghara ike mpụga, okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ mgbanwe nrụgide na ọgwụgwọ ultrasonic bụ ụzọ anụ ahụ niile dị irè iji kpochapụ ụfụfụ.
Usoro nbipu kemịkalụ bụ ịgbakwunye ihe ụfọdụ iji soro onye na-emepụta ụfụfụ na-emekọrịta ihe, belata ike nke ihe nkiri mmiri mmiri na ụfụfụ ahụ, wee belata nkwụsi ike nke ụfụfụ ahụ iji nweta nzube nke nkwụsịtụ. A na-akpọ ihe ndị dị otú ahụ defoamers. Ọtụtụ defoamers bụ surfactants. Ya mere, dị ka usoro nke defoaming si dị, defoamers kwesịrị inwe ike siri ike ibelata elu esemokwu, na-adị mfe adsorbed n'elu, na-adịghị ike mmekọrịta n'etiti elu adsorbed ụmụ irighiri ihe, na-eme ka a dịtụ rụrụ nhazi nhazi nke adsorbed molekul.
Enwere ụdị defoamers dị iche iche, mana ha na-abụkarị ndị na-abụghị ionic surfactants. Ndị na-abụghị ionic surfactants nwere ihe mgbochi ọfụfụ dị nso ma ọ bụ n'elu ebe igwe ojii ha na-ejikarị eme ihe dị ka ndị na-agbapụ ụfụfụ. A na-ejikwa mmanya na-aba n'anya, karịsịa ndị nwere alaka ụlọ ọrụ, fatty acids na esters, polyamides, phosphates, silicone oil, wdg, na-ejikarị eme ihe dị ka ezigbo defoamers.
(4) ụfụfụ na ịsa ahụ
Enweghị mmekọrịta kpọmkwem n'etiti ụfụfụ na mmetụta ịsa ahụ, na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụfụfụ apụtaghị na mmetụta ịsa ahụ dị mma ma ọ bụ dị njọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịrụ ọrụ ụfụfụ nke ndị na-abụghị ionic surfactants dị ala karịa ncha, mana ike ihicha ha dị mma karịa ncha.
Mgbe ụfọdụ, ụfụfụ na-enye aka n'iwepụ unyi. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe ị na-asa ákwà tebụl n'ụlọ, ụfụfụ nke nchacha nwere ike wepụ mmanụ a na-asacha; Mgbe ị na-ehicha kapeeti, ụfụfụ na-enyere aka wepụ unyi siri ike dị ka uzuzu na ntụ ntụ. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, a pụrụ iji ụfụfụ mee ihe mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka ihe ịrịba ama nke ma ihe nchacha ahụ ọ dị irè, n'ihi na mmanụ abụba nwere ike igbochi ụfụfụ nke ncha. Mgbe enwere oke mmanu mmanu na obere ncha, a gaghị enwe ụfụfụ ma ọ bụ ụfụfụ mbụ ga-apụ n'anya. Mgbe ụfọdụ, a pụkwara iji ụfụfụ mee ihe dị ka ihe na-egosi ma nchacha ahụ ọ dị ọcha. N'ihi na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụfụfụ na ngwọta nchacha na-emekarị ka ọ na-ebelata site na mbelata ọdịnaya nke nchacha, enwere ike nyochaa ogo nchacha site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ụfụfụ.
9. Usoro ịsa ahụ
N'echiche sara mbara, ịsa ahụ bụ usoro iwepụ ihe ndị a na-achọghị na ihe a na-asacha na imezu otu nzube. Ịsacha n'echiche a na-emebu na-ezo aka na usoro iwepụ unyi n'elu ihe na-ebu. N'oge ịsa ahụ, mmekọrịta dị n'etiti unyi na onye na-ebu ya na-esiwanye ike ma ọ bụ kpochapụ site na omume nke ụfọdụ ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe (dị ka ncha), na-agbanwe nchikota unyi na onye na-ebu ya na nchikota nke unyi na ncha, n'ikpeazụ na-eme ka unyi na onye na-ebu ya wepụ. Dị ka ihe ndị a ga-asacha na unyi a ga-ewepụ dị iche iche, ịsa ahụ bụ usoro dị mgbagwoju anya, na usoro isi nke ịsa ahụ nwere ike ịnọchite anya mmekọrịta dị mfe na-esonụ.
Obu • Unyi+Nchacha=Ebu+Unyi • Ncha
Enwere ike kewaa usoro ịsa ahụ ụzọ abụọ: otu bụ nkewa nke unyi na onye na-ebu ya n'okpuru ọrụ nke ncha; Nke abụọ bụ na a na-achụsasị unyi ahụ ewepụghị ma kwụsịtụ na ọkara. Usoro ịsa ahụ bụ usoro ntụgharị, na unyi nke gbasasịrị ma ọ bụ kwụsịtụrụ na usoro ahụ nwekwara ike ịmalite site na ọkara na-asa ákwà. Ya mere, ihe nchacha mara mma kwesịrị ọ bụghị naanị na ọ nwere ike iwepụ unyi na onye na-ebu ya, kamakwa ọ nwere ikike dị mma ịkwasa na kwụsịtụ unyi, ma gbochie unyi ka ọ ghara ịkwanye ọzọ.
(1) Ụdị unyi
Ọbụna maka otu ihe ahụ, ụdị, ihe mejupụtara, na ọnụ ọgụgụ unyi ga-adịgasị iche dabere na ebe eji eme ihe. Unyi ahụ nke mmanụ na-agụnyekarị mmanụ anụmanụ na ihe oriri, yana mmanụ ịnweta (dị ka mmanụ crude, mmanụ mmanụ, coal tar, wdg), ebe unyi siri ike gụnyere anwụrụ ọkụ, uzuzu, nchara, carbon black, wdg. N'ihe gbasara uwe unyi, enwere unyi sitere na ahụ mmadụ, dịka ọsụsọ, sebum, ọbara, wdg; Unyi sitere na nri, dị ka ntụpọ mkpụrụ osisi, ntụpọ mmanụ oriri, ntụ ọka sizinin, starch, wdg; Unyi nke ihe ịchọ mma wetara, dị ka lipstick na ntu ntu; Unyi sitere na ikuku, dị ka anwụrụ ọkụ, uzuzu, ala, wdg; Ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka ink, tii, agba, wdg. Enwere ike ịsị na e nwere ụdị dị iche iche na ụdị dị iche iche.
Enwere ike kewaa ụdị unyi dị iche iche ụzọ atọ: unyi siri ike, unyi mmiri mmiri, na unyi pụrụ iche.
① Unyi siri ike na-agụnye ihe ndị dị ka ntụ, apịtị, ala, nchara na oji carbon. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị a nwere ụgwọ elu, nke na-adịkarị njọ, ma na-adị mfe itinye ya na ihe ndị nwere fibrous. N'ozuzu, unyi siri ike na-esi ike igbari na mmiri, mana enwere ike ịgbasa ma kwụsịtụ site na ngwọta ncha. Unyi siri ike na obere irighiri ihe siri ike iwepu.
② Unyi mmiri na-abụkarị mmanụ soluble, gụnyere anụmanụ na mmanụ ihe oriri, acid fatty, alcohols fatty, mmanụ ịnweta mmanụ, na oxides ha. N'ime ha, anụmanụ na akwukwo nri mmanụ na ọdụdụ asịd nwere ike ime saponification na alkali, mgbe ọdụdụ alcohols na ịnweta mmanụ na-adịghị saponified site alkali, ma nwere ike igbari na alcohols, ethers, na hydrocarbon organic solvents, na-emulsified na chụsasịrị site ncha mmiri mmiri ngwọta. Unyi mmiri soluble mmanụ n'ozuzu nwere ike mmekọrịta siri ike na ihe fibrous na adsorbs ike na eriri.
Unyi pụrụ iche gụnyere protein, starch, ọbara, ihe nzuzo mmadụ dị ka ọsụsọ, sebum, mmamịrị, yana ihe ọṅụṅụ mkpụrụ osisi, ihe ọṅụṅụ tii, wdg. Ọtụtụ n'ime unyi ndị a nwere ike ịbanye n'ime ihe ndị nwere fibrous site na mmeghachi omume kemịkal. Ya mere, ịsacha ya siri ike.
Ụdị unyi dị iche iche anaghị adịkebe naanị ya, a na-ejikọta ya ọnụ ma na-ejikọta ya na ihe. Unyi nwere ike mgbe ụfọdụ oxidize, ire ere, ma ọ bụ ire ere n'okpuru mmetụta mpụga, na-ebute unyi ọhụrụ.
(2) Mmetụta adhesion nke unyi
Ihe kpatara uwe, aka na ihe ndị ọzọ nwere ike ime unyi bụ n'ihi na enwere ụdị mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ihe na unyi. Enwere mmetụta dị iche iche adhesion nke unyi na ihe, mana ha na-abụkarị nrapado anụ ahụ na nchikota kemịkal.
① Adhesion anụ ahụ nke uyi sịga, uzuzu, sedimenti, carbon ojii, na ihe ndị ọzọ na uwe. N'ikwu okwu n'ozuzu, mmekọrịta dị n'etiti unyi na-arapara na ihe mmetọ adịghị ike, na iwepụ unyi dịkwa mfe. Dị ka ndị agha dị iche iche si dị, adhesion anụ ahụ nke unyi nwere ike kewaa n'ime nchikota n'ibu na electrostatic adhesion.
A: Mechanical adhesion tumadi na-ezo aka na adhesion nke unyi siri ike dị ka uzuzu na sedimenti. Mechanical adhesion bụ usoro nrapado na-adịghị ike maka unyi, nke ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na a ga-ewepụ ya site na usoro nhazi dị mfe. Otú ọ dị, mgbe nha nke unyi dị ntakịrị (<0.1um), ọ na-esiri ike iwepụ.
B: Electrostatic adhesion na-egosipụta nke ọma site n'omume nke unyi na-ebubo n'ihe nwere ebubo ndị ọzọ. Ọtụtụ ihe ndị nwere fibrous na-ebu ụgwọ na-adịghị mma na mmiri ma na-ejide ya ngwa ngwa site na unyi nke ọma dị ka lime. Ụfọdụ unyi, ọ bụ ezie na ebubo na-ezighị ezi, dị ka carbon black particles na aqueous ngwọta, nwere ike rube isi na eriri site ion àkwà mmiri kpụrụ site nti ion (dị ka Ca2+, Mg2+, wdg) na mmiri (ions eme ọnụ n'etiti otutu megidere ebubo, eme dị ka àkwà mmiri).
Eletrik static siri ike karịa ihe eji arụ ọrụ dị mfe, na-eme ka ọ sie ike iwepu unyi.
③ Mwepụ unyi pụrụ iche
Protein, starch, secretions nke mmadụ, ihe ọṅụṅụ mkpụrụ osisi, ihe ọṅụṅụ tii na ụdị unyi ndị ọzọ siri ike wepụ ya na surfactants n'ozuzu ma chọọ ụzọ ọgwụgwọ pụrụ iche.
Ntụpọ protein dị ka ude, àkwá, ọbara, mmiri ara ehi, na excreta anụ ahụ na-enwekarị ike ịchịkọta coagulation na denaturation na eriri, ma na-agbasosi ike karị. Maka mmebi protein, enwere ike iji protease wepụ ya. Protease nwere ike ịkụda protein dị na unyi ka ọ bụrụ amino acids na-agbaze mmiri ma ọ bụ oligopeptides.
Starch stains tumadi sitere na nri, ebe ndị ọzọ dị ka anụ ihe ọṅụṅụ, mado, wdg Starch enzymes nwere catalytic mmetụta na hydrolysis nke starch stains, na-akụda starch n'ime sugars.
Lipase nwere ike ime ka mwepu nke ụfọdụ triglycerides nke siri ike wepụ site na ụzọ ndị a na-emekarị, dị ka sebum nke ahụ mmadụ na-ezo, mmanụ oriri, wdg, iji gbarie triglycerides n'ime glycerol soluble na fatty acids.
Ụfọdụ ntụpọ agba sitere na ihe ọṅụṅụ mkpụrụ osisi, ihe ọṅụṅụ tii, ink, lipstick, wdg na-esikarị ike ihicha nke ọma ọbụna mgbe a sachara ya ugboro ugboro. Enwere ike iwepụ ụdị ntụpọ a site na mmeghachi omume mbelata oxidation site na iji oxidants ma ọ bụ ibelata ihe ndị dị ka ịcha ọcha, nke na-akụda nhazi nke chromophore ma ọ bụ chromophore dị iche iche wee weda ha n'ime obere mmiri na-agbaze.
Site n'echiche nke nhicha akọrọ, enwere ụdị unyi atọ.
① Unyi soluble mmanụ na-agụnye mmanụ na abụba dị iche iche, nke bụ mmiri mmiri ma ọ bụ griiz na soluble na akọrọ ihicha ihe mgbaze.
② Unyi soluble mmiri bụ soluble na mmiri mmiri ngwọta, ma ihe na-adịghị soluble na akọrọ ihicha mmadụ. Ọ na-etinye n'ime uwe n'ụdị ngwọta mmiri, na mgbe mmiri ahụ kwụsịrị, a na-ebuli ihe siri ike dị ka nnu inorganic, starch, protein, wdg.
③ Unyi mmiri a na-apụghị imeri emeri bụ ihe a na-apụghị ịsọpụ na mmiri na ihe mgbaze akọrọ akọrọ, dị ka carbon ojii, silicates metal dị iche iche, na oxides.
N'ihi ihe dị iche iche nke ụdị dị iche iche nke unyi, e nwere ụzọ dị iche iche isi wepụ unyi n'oge usoro ikpocha akọrọ. Unyi na-agbaze mmanụ, dị ka mmanụ anụmanụ na akwụkwọ nri, mmanụ ịnweta mmanụ na abụba, na-adị mfe mgbaze n'ime ihe mgbaze organic na enwere ike iwepụ ngwa ngwa mgbe a na-ehicha ya. The magburu onwe solubility nke akọrọ ihicha solvents maka mmanụ na griiz bụ nnoo n'ihi na van der Waals agha n'etiti ụmụ irighiri ihe.
Maka iwepụ unyi na-edozi mmiri dị ka nnu inorganic, sugars, proteins, sweat, wdg, ọ dịkwa mkpa ịgbakwunye mmiri kwesịrị ekwesị na onye na-ehicha akọrọ, ma ọ bụghị ya, mmiri na-edozi mmiri siri ike wepụ ya na uwe. Ma mmiri na-esi ike igbari na ihe ndị na-ehicha ihe na-ehicha ọkụ, n'ihi ya, iji mee ka mmiri dịkwuo elu, ọ dị mkpa ka ịgbakwunye surfactants. Mmiri dị na ndị na-ehicha ihe na-ehicha ọkụ nwere ike ime ka unyi na elu uwe, na-eme ka ọ dị mfe ịmekọrịta polar ìgwè nke surfactants, nke bara uru maka adsorption nke surfactants n'elu. Na mgbakwunye, mgbe surfactants na-etolite micelles, unyi na mmiri nwere ike ịsacha mmiri n'ime micelles. Surfactants nwere ike ọ bụghị naanị na-amụba ọdịnaya mmiri na akọrọ ihicha ihe mgbaze, ma na-egbochi redeporation nke unyi ka welie ihicha mmetụta.
Ọnụnọ nke obere mmiri dị mkpa maka iwepụ unyi na-agbaze mmiri, ma oke mmiri nwere ike ime ka uwe ụfọdụ gbanwee, wrinkle, wdg, ya mere ọdịnaya mmiri dị na ncha akọrọ ga-adị oke.
Ihe siri ike dị ka ntụ, apịtị, ala na carbon ojii, nke na-abụghị mmiri soluble ma ọ bụ mmanụ soluble, na-agbasokarị uwe site na mgbasa ozi electrostatic ma ọ bụ site na ijikọta ya na ntụpọ mmanụ. Na ihicha akọrọ, mmiri na mmetụta nke ihe mgbaze nwere ike ime ka unyi adsorbed site na ndị agha electrostatic ka ọ daa, ebe ndị na-ehicha ihe na-ehicha ọkụ nwere ike igbari ntụpọ mmanụ, na-eme ka ihe ndị siri ike na-ejikọta ya na nsị mmanụ ma na-arapara n'ahụ uwe na-adapụ site na onye na-ehicha akọrọ. Obere ntakịrị mmiri na ihe ndị dị n'ime ụlọ na-ehicha nkụ nwere ike kwụsịtụ ma gbasasịa ihe ruru unyi siri ike nke na-adapụ, na-egbochi ha ịkwanye uwe ahụ ọzọ.
(5) Ihe ndị na-emetụta mmetụta ịsa ahụ
Mgbasa ozi ntụziaka nke surfactants na interface na mbelata nke esemokwu elu (interfacial) bụ isi ihe maka iwepụ mmiri mmiri ma ọ bụ ihe siri ike. Ma usoro ịsa ahụ dị mgbagwoju anya, na ọbụna mmetụta ịsacha nke otu ụdị nchacha na-emetụta ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ. Ihe ndị a gụnyere ntinye nke ncha, okpomọkụ, ọdịdị nke unyi, ụdị eriri, na nhazi ákwà.
① Ntinye uche nke surfactants
Miceles nke surfactants na ngwọta na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na usoro ịsa ahụ. Mgbe ịta ahụhụ rutere n'ihe dị egwu micelle (cmc), mmetụta ịsa ahụ na-abawanye nke ọma. Ya mere, ntinye nke ncha na ihe mgbaze kwesịrị ịdị elu karịa uru CMC iji nweta mmetụta ịsa ahụ dị mma. Otú ọ dị, mgbe ntinye nke surfactants karịrị uru CMC, mmetụta ịsa ahụ na-arịwanye elu na-adịwanye njọ, na mmụba dị ukwuu na ntinye uche surfactant adịghị mkpa.
Mgbe ị na-eji solubilization wepụ mmanụ mmanụ, ọ bụrụgodị na ntinye uche dị n'elu uru CMC, mmetụta solubilization ka na-abawanye na mmụba nke surfactant. N'oge a, ọ bụ ihe amamihe dị na ya iji ncha na mpaghara, dị ka na cuffs na akwa akwa akwa ebe enwere ọtụtụ unyi. Mgbe ị na-asa ahụ, enwere ike ibu ụzọ tinye akwa akwa akwa iji kwalite mmetụta solubilization nke surfactants na ntụpọ mmanụ.
② Okpomọkụ nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na mmetụta ihicha. N'ozuzu, ịba ụba okpomọkụ bara uru maka iwepụ unyi, ma mgbe ụfọdụ oke okpomọkụ nwekwara ike ịkpata ihe ọjọọ.
Mmụba nke okpomọkụ bara uru maka mgbasa nke unyi. A na-eme ka ntụpọ mmanụ siri ike dị mfe emulsified mgbe okpomọkụ dị n'elu ebe mgbaze ha, na eriri na-abawanye ogo mgbasawanye ha n'ihi mmụba nke okpomọkụ. Ihe ndị a niile bara uru maka iwepụ unyi. Otú ọ dị, maka ákwà ndị siri ike, obere oghere dị n'etiti eriri na-ebelata mgbe mgbasawanye fiber gasịrị, nke na-adịghị akwado iwepụ unyi.
Mgbanwe okpomọkụ na-emetụta solubility, uru CMC, na micelle size nke surfactants, si otú ahụ na-emetụta mmetụta ịsa ahụ. Long carbon yinye surfactants nwere ala solubility na ala okpomọkụ, na mgbe ụfọdụ ọbụna ala solubility karịa CMC uru. N'okwu a, okpomọkụ ịsacha kwesịrị ịba ụba nke ọma. Mmetụta nke okpomọkụ na uru CMC na nha micel dị iche maka ionic na ndị na-abụghị ionic surfactants. Maka ionic surfactants, mmụba na okpomọkụ n'ozuzu na-eduga n'ịbawanye uru CMC na mbelata nke micelle. Nke a pụtara na ntinye nke surfactants kwesịrị ịbawanye na ngwọta ịsa ahụ. Maka ndị na-abụghị ionic surfactants, ịba ụba okpomọkụ na-eduga na mbelata na uru CMC ha yana mmụba dị ukwuu na nha micelle ha. Enwere ike ịhụ na okpomọkụ na-abawanye nke ọma nwere ike inyere ndị na-abụghị ionic surfactants aka ịrụ ọrụ elu ha. Mana okpomọkụ ekwesịghị ịfe ebe igwe ojii ya.
Na nkenke, okpomọkụ kachasị mma ịsacha na-ejikọta ya na usoro nke ncha na ihe a na-asacha. Ụfọdụ nchacha nwere mmetụta nhicha dị mma na ụlọ okpomọkụ, ebe ụfọdụ ihe nchacha nwere mmetụta dị iche iche ihicha maka oyi na ịsacha ọkụ.
③ Ụfụfụ
Ndị mmadụ na-enwekarị mgbagwoju anya ike ịfụfụ na mmetụta ịsa ahụ, na-ekwere na ihe nchacha nwere ike ịfụfụ siri ike nwere mmetụta ịsa ahụ ka mma. Nsonaazụ na-egosi na mmetụta ịsa ahụ adịghị emetụta ọnụ ọgụgụ ụfụfụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, iji ncha ụfụfụ dị ala maka ịsacha adịghị enwe mmetụta ịsa ahụ dị njọ karịa akwa ụfụfụ dị elu.
Ọ bụ ezie na ụfụfụ enweghị njikọ kpọmkwem na ịsa ahụ, ụfụfụ ka na-enye aka wepụ unyi n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụfụfụ nke mmiri mmiri ịsa ahụ nwere ike iburu mmanụ ahụ mgbe ọ na-eji aka na-asa efere. Mgbe ị na-ehicha kapeeti, ụfụfụ nwekwara ike wepụ ihe ruru unyi dị ka uzuzu. Uzuzu na-akpata oke unyi kapeeti, yabụ onye na-ehicha kapeeti kwesịrị inwe ikike ịfụfụ ụfọdụ.
Ike ịfụfụ dịkwa mkpa maka ncha ntutu. Ọfụfụ dị mma nke mmiri mmiri na-emepụta mgbe a na-asa ntutu ma ọ bụ na-asa ahụ na-eme ka ahụ dị mmadụ mma.
④ Ụdị nke eriri na ihe anụ ahụ nke textiles
Na mgbakwunye na usoro kemịkalụ nke eriri na-emetụta adhesion na mwepụ nke unyi, ọdịdị nke eriri na nhazi nhazi nke yarn na akwa na-enwekwa mmetụta na ihe isi ike nke iwepụ unyi.
Ihe akpịrịkpa nke eriri ajị anụ na warara dị larịị dị ka nhazi nke eriri owu na-adịkarị mfe ịkwakọba unyi karịa eriri dị larịị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, carbon ojii na-arapara na ihe nkiri cellulose (ihe nkiri nrapado) dị mfe iwepụ, ebe carbon ojii na-ejikọta akwa akwa na-esi ike ịsacha. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, akwa eriri polyester dị mkpụmkpụ na-adịkarị mfe ịnakọta ntụpọ mmanụ karịa akwa eriri ogologo, na ntụpọ mmanụ na akwa eriri dị mkpụmkpụ na-esikwa ike iwepụ karịa nke dị n'elu akwa eriri ogologo.
Yarn gbagọrọ agbagọ nke ọma na akwa siri ike, n'ihi obere oghere dị n'etiti eriri, nwere ike iguzogide mbuso agha nke unyi, ma gbochie ihe ngwọta ihicha na iwepu unyi dị n'ime. Ya mere, akwa siri ike nwere ezigbo nguzogide unyi na mmalite, mana ọ na-esikwa ike ihicha mgbe emeru ya.
⑤ Isi ike nke mmiri
Ịta nke ion metal dị ka Ca2 + na Mg2 + na mmiri nwere mmetụta dị ịrịba ama na mmetụta ịsa ahụ, karịsịa mgbe anionic surfactants zutere Ca2 + na Mg2 + ions iji mepụta calcium na magnesium salts na-adịghị mma, nke nwere ike ibelata ikike nhicha ha. Ọbụna ma ọ bụrụ na ịta nke surfactants dị elu na mmiri siri ike, mmetụta nhicha ha ka dị njọ karịa na distillation. Iji nweta mmetụta ịsa ahụ kachasị mma nke ndị na-emepụta ihe, a ga-ebelata ntinye nke Ca2 + ions na mmiri n'okpuru 1 × 10-6mol / L (CaCO3 kwesịrị ibelata na 0.1mg / L). Nke a na-achọ ịgbakwunye ihe nro dị iche iche na ncha.
Oge nzipu: Ọgọst-16-2024