N'ozuzu, otu akụkụ nke emulsion bụ mmiri ma ọ bụ ngwọta mmiri, nke a na-akpọ aqueous phase; Akụkụ nke ọzọ bụ akụkụ organic nke na-enweghị mmiri, nke a maara dị ka oge mmanụ.

1. Nhazi

Ụzọ nkewa atọ:

1. Nkewa site na isi iyi: ngwaahịa eke na ngwaahịa sịntetik;

2. Nkewa ya site na ịdị arọ molecular: obere emulsifiers dị arọ molecular (c10-c20) na nnukwu emulsifiers arọ molecular (c puku);

3. Dị ka ma ọ nwere ike ionize na mmiri mmiri ngwọta, ọ nwere ike kewaa n'ime ụdị ionic (anions, cations, na anions na cations) na-abụghị ionic ụdị.

Nke a bụ usoro nhazi ọkwa kachasị eji.

 

2. Ọrụ na ụkpụrụ nke emulsifiers

Isi ọrụ nke emulsifiers bụ iji belata esemokwu elu nke mmiri abụọ a na-emulsified. Ya mere, mgbe surfactants na-eji dị ka emulsifiers, otu njedebe nke ha hydrophobic otu adsorbs n'elu insoluble mmiri irighiri irighiri (dị ka mmanụ), mgbe hydrophilic otu gbatịrị kwupụta mmiri. Surfactants na-directally ndokwa n'elu nke mmiri mmiri ahụ irighiri na-etolite a hydrophilic adsorption film (interfacial film), ka ibelata ibe mmasị n'etiti ụmụ irighiri mmiri, belata elu esemokwu n'etiti abụọ n'ụzọ, na-akwalite ibe dispersion na-etolite emulsions.

Ntinye uche nke surfactant nwere mmetụta kpọmkwem na ike nke ihu ihu ihu interfacial. Site na itinye uche dị elu, enwere ọtụtụ ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị dị n'elu, na-akpụ nkpuchi ihu siri ike ma sie ike.

Ihe emulsifiers dị iche iche nwere mmetụta emulsification dị iche iche, na ego achọrọ iji nweta mmetụta emulsification kacha mma dịkwa iche. N'ikwu okwu n'ozuzu, ka ike molekụla nke emulsifier nke na-eme ka ihe mkpuchi ihu dị elu, na-eme ka ike ihe nkiri ahụ dịkwuo elu, na-eme ka ude ahụ kwụsie ike; N'ụzọ megidere nke ahụ, ike dị ntakịrị, na-ebelata ike ihe nkiri ahụ, na emulsion na-akwụsikwa ike karị.

Mgbe enwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa polar dị ka mmanya na-egbu egbu, fatty acid na fatty amine na ihu ihu, ike nke akpụkpọ ahụ na-akawanye mma. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ụmụ irighiri ihe emulsifier na-emekọrịta ihe na ụmụ irighiri ihe polar dị ka mmanya, acid na amine n'ime oyi akwa adsorption interface iji mepụta mgbagwoju anya, nke na-abawanye ike nke ihu ihu.

Ihe emulsifier nke nwere ihe karịrị abụọ surfactants bụ emulsifier agwakọtara. N'ihi mmekọrịta siri ike n'etiti ụmụ irighiri ihe, a na-ebelata esemokwu interfacial, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke emulsifier adsorbed na interface na-abawanye nke ukwuu, na njupụta na ike nke ihe mkpuchi ihu ihu na-etolite.

Mgbe e guzobere emulsion, esemokwu interfacial n'etiti mmanụ na mmiri na-ebelata nke ukwuu n'ihi ntinye nke surfactants, ọ na-aghọkwa emulsion kwụsiri ike. Otú ọ dị, a ka nwere esemokwu interfacial mmanụ-mmiri na emulsion nke na-apụghị iru efu n'ihi CMC ma ọ bụ ihe mgbochi solubility. Ya mere, ude mmiri bụ usoro thermodynamic anaghị akwụsi ike.

Esemokwu interfacial dị n'etiti mmanụ na mmiri nke micro emulsion dị ala nke na enweghị ike ịlele ya. Ọ bụ usoro kwụsiri ike nke thermodynamic. A na-enweta nke a site n'ịgbakwunye ụdị nke abụọ nke surfactant nwere ihe dị iche iche dị iche iche (dịka mmanya na-egbu egbu dị ka pentanol, hexanol, na heptanol, nke a maara dị ka co surfactants), nke nwere ike ibelata esemokwu n'etiti ihu na obere ọkwa, ọbụna na-ebute ụkpụrụ ọjọọ ozugbo. Enwere ike ịkọwa nke a site na nha nha mgbasa ozi nke Gibbs maka sistemụ ọtụtụ akụkụ.

 

3. Ụdị emulsion

Ụdị

Common emulsion , otu na-adọ bụ mmiri ma ọ bụ aqueous ngwọta, na ndị ọzọ bụ organic okwu bụ insoluble na mmiri, dị ka griiz, wax, etc.emulsion kpụrụ mmiri na mmanụ nwere ike kewara atọ ụdị:

(a) Mmanụ n'ụdị mmiri (O'W)
(e) Mmiri ara ehi jikọtara ọnụ (W/O/W)
(b) Mmanụ dị n'ụdị mmiri (W/O)

(1) Mmanụ / mmiri (0/W) emulsion, mmanụ agbasasị na mmiri. Mmanụ bụ a gbasasịa agba (n'ime na-adọ), na mmiri bụ a na-aga n'ihu na-adọ (mpụta na-adọ) mmanụ na mmiri emulsion, nke nwere ike diluted na mmiri. Dị ka mmiri ara ehi, mmiri ara ehi soybean, wdg.

(2) Mmiri/mmanụ (W/0) emulsion, mmiri gbasasịrị na mmanụ. Mmiri bụ a gbasasịa agba (n'ime na-adọ) na mmanụ bụ a na-aga n'ihu na-adọ (mpụta na-adọ) nke mmiri na mmanụ emulsion. Ụdị emulsion a nwere ike tinye mmanụ. Dị ka bọta arụrụ arụ, mmanụ crude, wdg.

(3) mgbanaka ekara emulsions, kpụrụ site alternating dispersion nke mmiri na mmanụ n'ụzọ oyi akwa site oyi akwa, tumadi na-abịa n'ụdị abụọ: mmanụ na mmiri na mmanụ na mmanụ 0/W/0 (ie mmiri na-adọ na chụgara mmanụ droplets kwụsịtụrụ na mmanụ na-adọ na mmiri na mmanụ na mmiri n'ime mmiri W / 0/W (ie mmanụ na-adọ na chụgara mmiri ụmụ irighiri mmiri n'ụzọ oyi akwa site oyi akwa, tumadi-abịa n'ụdị abụọ: mmanụ na mmiri na mmanụ na mmanụ 0/W/0 (ie mmiri na-adọ na chụgara mmanụ droplets kwụsịtụrụ na mmanụ na-adọ na mmiri na mmanụ na mmiri n'ime mmiri W / 0/W (ie mmanụ na-adọ na chụgara mmiri ụmụ irighiri mmiri n'ụzọ oyi akwa site oyi akwa).

 

Ụzọ nke ịlele emulsion ụdị

(1) Usoro mgbaze

Ghichaa emulsion na otu mmiri mmiri dị ka oge na-aga n'ihu. The mmiri soluble emulsion bụ mmanụ / mmiri ụdị, na mmanụ soluble emulsion bụ mmiri / mmanụ ụdị.
Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mmiri ara ehi nwere ike ịgbanye mmiri, mana enweghị ike ịmegharị ya na mmanụ ihe oriri. Enwere ike ịhụ na mmiri ara ehi bụ O/W emulsion.

(2) Usoro nhazi

The conductivity nke mmiri na mmanụ dị iche iche nke ukwuu, na conductivity nke mmanụ / mmiri emulsion bụ ọtụtụ narị ugboro ibu karịa nke mmiri / mmanụ. Ya mere, a na-etinye electrodes abụọ na emulsion na neon jikọtara n'usoro na akaghị, na ọkụ mmanụ / mmiri na-agbanye.

(3) Usoro nsị

Tinye 2-3 tụlee nke mmanụ ma ọ bụ mmiri na-esiji agba n'ime ule tube, na-ekpe ikpe ụdị emulsion dị ka nke ụdị agba nwere ike ime ka na-aga n'ihu na-adọ evenly acha.

(4) Ụzọ nzacha akwụkwọ

Dobe ude mmiri na akwụkwọ nzacha. Ọ bụrụ na mmiri mmiri ahụ nwere ike gbasaa ngwa ngwa ma na-ahapụ obere dobe n'etiti, ude mmiri bụ mmanụ na mmiri; ọ bụrụ na mmiri mmiri na-adaba agbasaghị, mmanụ dị n'ụdị mmiri.

(5) Usoro ntugharị anya

The dị iche iche refractive index nke mmiri na mmanụ ka ìhè na-eji mata ụdị emulsion. Ọ bụrụ na emulsion bụ mmanụ n'ime mmiri, ihe ndị ahụ na-arụ ọrụ nchịkọta ọkụ, ọ bụ naanị akụkụ aka ekpe nke ihe ndị ahụ nwere ike ịhụ ya na microscope; Ọ bụrụ na emulsion bụ mmiri na mmanụ, ihe ndị ahụ na-arụ ọrụ nke astigmatism, na naanị ihe ndepụta ziri ezi nke ihe ndị ahụ nwere ike ịhụ na microscope;

Isi ihe na-emetụta ụdị emulsion

(1) Olu nke usoro:

0stwald tụpụtara ụkpụrụ olu nke akụkụ site na nleba anya geometric. Echiche a bụ na-eche na beads mmiri mmiri nke ude mmiri bụ otu nha na oghere siri ike, akụkụ nke obere akụkụ nke bead mmiri mmiri nwere ike ịkọ naanị 74.02% nke mkpokọta olu mgbe ha juru oke. Ọ bụrụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ nghazi nke akụkụ nke bead mmiri mmiri karịrị 74.02%, ude mmiri ga-enwe nkwarụ ma ọ bụ mebie ya.

(a) Uniform droplet bara ọgaranya ikpo emulsion kpara akpa
(b) Emulsion na-adaba adaba nke ukwuu
(c) ụmụ irighiri mmiri mmiri na-adịghị okirikiri chọrọ stacking na emulsion (anaghị akwụsi ike)

Were O / W ụdị emulsion dị ka ihe atụ, ma ọ bụrụ na frasi integral ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mmanụ dị ukwuu karịa 74.02%, emulsion nwere ike na-etolite W/0 ụdị, mgbe O / i ụdị bụ ihe na-erughị 25.98%, na mgbe ntakiri bụ 25.98% -74.02%, ọ nwere ike na-etolite ma 0/W ma ọ bụ W0 ụdị.

 

Ọdịdị Molecular na Njirimara nke emulsifiers - Wedge Theory

Ozizi wedge na-adabere na nhazi oghere nke emulsifiers iji chọpụta ụdị emulsion. Ozizi wedge na-egosi na mpaghara obe nke hydrophilic na hydrophobic dị na emulsifiers adịghị nhata. A na-ele ụmụ irighiri ihe nke emulsifier anya dị ka wedges, nke nwere otu njedebe buru ibu na nke ọzọ pere mpe. Enwere ike ịtinye obere njedebe nke emulsifier n'ime elu nke droplet dị ka wedge ma hazie ya n'ụzọ ntụziaka na ntinye mmiri mmanụ. Ọgwụgwụ polar hydrophilic na-agbatị n'ime mmiri mmiri, ebe ụdọ lipophilic hydrocarbon na-agbatị n'ime oge mmanụ, na-eme ka ike dị n'ihu dịkwuo elu.

 

Mmetụta nke Emulsifier Material na emulsion Ụdị

Na mgbakwunye na mmetụta nke ihe ndị dị ka emulsion mejupụtara ihe na emulsion akpụ ọnọdụ, mpụga ọnọdụ nwekwara mmetụta na ụdị emulsion. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọdịdị hydrophilic na lipophilic nke mgbidi emulsion siri ike, na O / W emulsion dị mfe ịmepụta mgbe ọdịdị hydrophilic nke mgbidi emulsion siri ike, ebe W / 0 emulsion dị mfe ịmepụta mgbe ọdịdị lipophilic nke mgbidi emulsion siri ike. Ihe kpatara ya bụ na mmiri mmiri kwesịrị ịnọgide na-enwe oyi akwa nke na-aga n'ihu na mgbidi ahụ, nke mere na ọ dịghị mfe ịgbasa n'ime beads mmiri mmiri mgbe ọ na-akpali. Glass bụ hydrophilic mgbe plastik bụ hydrophobic, ya mere, nke mbụ na-adịkarị mfe ịmepụta O / W emulsions mgbe nke ikpeazụ na-enwe ike ịmepụta W / 0 emulsions.

 

Ozizi nke mkpokọta ọsọ nke usoro abụọ

The coalescence ọsọ tiori na-amalite site mmetụta nke coalescence ọsọ nke abụọ ụdị nke ụmụ irighiri mmiri na-eme ka emulsion na emulsion, na-ekpe ikpe na coalescence ọsọ nke ụdị abụọ nke ụmụ irighiri mmiri na-adabere na coalescence ọsọ nke abụọ ụdị ụmụ irighiri mmiri mgbe emulsion, shark, na igbu ọnụ na-ekpuchi ọchịchọ.

 

Okpomọkụ

Mmụba nke okpomọkụ ga-ebelata ogo hydration nke otu hydrophilic, si otú ahụ belata hydrophilicity nke ụmụ irighiri ihe. Ya mere, emulsion 0/w nke e kpụrụ na obere okpomọkụ nwere ike gbanwee ka ọ bụrụ emulsion W / 0 n'elu ikpo ọkụ. Ọnọdụ mgbanwe a bụ ọnọdụ okpomọkụ nke hydrophilic na lipophilic Njirimara nke surfactant ruru nha nha kwesịrị ekwesị, nke a maara dị ka oge mgbanwe okpomọkụ PIT.

Otú ọ dị, mgbe ntinye uche nke emulsifier buru ibu iji merie mmetụta nke ihe onwunwe wetting nke ihe emulsifier, ụdị emulsion kpụrụ naanị na-adabere na ọdịdị nke emulsifier n'onwe ya ma ọ dịghị ihe jikọrọ ya na hydrophilicity na lipophilicity nke mgbidi arịa.