Isiokwu ọdịnaya maka edemede a:
1. Mmepe nke Amino Acids
2. Njirimara ihe owuwu
3. Ngwakọta kemịkalụ
4.Nhazi
5. Synthesis
6. Njirimara physicochemical
7. Nsi
8. Antimicrobial Ọrụ
9. Njirimara Rheological
10. Ngwa na ụlọ ọrụ ịchọ mma
11. Ngwa na ihe ịchọ mma kwa ụbọchị
Amino Acid Surfactants (AAS)bụ klaasị nke surfactants hibere site na ijikọta otu hydrophobic na otu ma ọ bụ karịa Amino Acids. N'okwu a, Amino Acids nwere ike ịbụ sịntetik ma ọ bụ sitere na protein hydrolysates ma ọ bụ isi mmalite mmeghari ohuru. Akwụkwọ a na-ekpuchi nkọwa nke ọtụtụ n'ime ụzọ synthetic dị maka AAS na mmetụta nke ụzọ dị iche iche na njirimara physicochemical nke ngwaahịa njedebe, gụnyere solubility, nkwụsi ike mgbasa, toxicity na biodegradability. Dị ka otu klas nke surfactants na-achọwanyewanye, ntụgharị nke AAS n'ihi nhazi ha na-agbanwe na-enye ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ohere azụmahịa.
Nyere na a na-eji surfactants eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe na ncha, emulsifiers, corrosion inhibitors, mgbake mmanụ atọ na ọgwụ, ndị nchọpụta akwụsịbeghị ịṅa ntị na surfactants.
Surfactants bụ ngwaahịa kemịkalụ kacha anọchite anya nke a na-eri n'ụba kwa ụbọchị gburugburu ụwa ma nwee mmetụta na-adịghị mma na gburugburu mmiri.Nnyocha e mere egosiwo na iji ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta omenala eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe nwere ike inwe mmetụta na-adịghị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi.
Taa, enweghị nsi, biodegradability na biocompatibility fọrọ nke nta ka ọ dị mkpa maka ndị na-azụ ahịa dị ka uru na arụmọrụ nke surfactants.
Biosurfactants bụ surfactants na-adịgide adịgide na gburugburu ebe obibi nke ụmụ nje ndị dị ka nje bacteria, fungi, na yist na-emepụta n'onwe ha, ma ọ bụ zoro ezo na mpụga.Ya mere, a pụkwara ịkwado biosurfactants site n'ichepụta mkpụrụ ndụ iji ṅomie ihe owuwu amphiphilic eke, dị ka phospholipids, alkyl glycosides na acyl Amino Acids.
Amino acid surfactants (AAS)bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị nke surfactants, nke a na-emepụtakarị site na akụrụngwa anụmanụ ma ọ bụ nke sitere n'ugbo. N'ime afọ iri abụọ gara aga, AAS adọtala mmasị dị ukwuu site n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị dị ka ndị na-emepụta ihe ọhụrụ, ọ bụghị nanị n'ihi na enwere ike ịmepụta ha site na ihe ndị a na-emegharịghachi, kamakwa n'ihi na AAS na-emebi ngwa ngwa ma nwee ihe ndị na-adịghị emerụ ahụ, na-eme ka ha dị nchebe maka gburugburu ebe obibi.
Enwere ike ịkọwa AAS dị ka klas nke surfactants nwere Amino Acids nwere otu Amino Acid (HO 2 C-CHR-NH 2) ma ọ bụ ihe fọdụrụnụ Amino Acid (HO 2 C-CHR-NH-). Mpaghara abụọ na-arụ ọrụ nke Amino Acids na-enye ohere maka iwepụta ụdị surfactant dị iche iche. Ngụkọta nke 20 ọkọlọtọ Proteinogenic Amino acid ka amara na ọ dị na okike ma na-ahụ maka mmeghachi omume anụ ahụ niile na uto na ihe omume ndụ. Ha dị iche na ibe ha naanị dị ka ihe fọdụrụ R (Nyocha 1, pk a bụ logarithm na-adịghị mma nke acid dissociation mgbe niile nke ngwọta). Ụfọdụ bụ ndị na-abụghị polar na hydrophobic, ụfọdụ bụ polar na hydrophilic, ụfọdụ bụ isi na ụfọdụ bụ acidic.
N'ihi na Amino Acids bụ ogige mmeghari ohuru, surfactants nke sitere na Amino Acids nwekwara ikike dị elu ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-adigide na enyi na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọdịdị dị mfe na nke okike, obere nsị na ngwa ngwa biodegradaability na-emekarị ka ha dị elu karịa surfactants. Iji akụrụngwa emeghari ohuru (dịka ọmụmaatụ Amino acids na mmanụ nri), enwere ike imepụta AAS site na ụzọ teknụzụ biotech dị iche iche na ụzọ kemịkalụ.
Na mmalite narị afọ nke 20, a chọtara Amino Acids ka a ga-eji mee ihe maka njikọ nke surfactants.A na-ejikarị AAS eme ihe dị ka ihe nchekwa na usoro ọgwụ na ịchọ mma.Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, AAS chọpụtara na ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike megide ọrịa dị iche iche na-akpata nje bacteria, etuto ahụ, na nje. Na 1988, nnweta AAS dị ọnụ ala kpatara mmasị nyocha na ọrụ elu. Taa, site na mmepe nke biotechnology, ụfọdụ Amino Acids nwekwara ike ịmekọrịta azụmahịa n'ọtụtụ buru ibu site na yist, nke na-egosi n'ụzọ doro anya na mmepụta AAS na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mma na gburugburu ebe obibi.
01 Mmepe nke Amino Acids
N'ihe dị ka mmalite narị afọ nke 19, mgbe achọpụtara Amino Acids na-emekarị, e buru amụma na ihe owuwu ha ga-aba uru nke ukwuu - enwere ike iji ya dị ka akụrụngwa maka nkwadebe nke amphiphiles. Ihe ọmụmụ mbụ gbasara njikọ nke AAS bụ nke Bondi kọrọ na 1909.
N'ime ọmụmụ ihe ahụ, ewebata N-acylglycine na N-acylalanine dị ka otu hydrophilic maka surfactants. Ọrụ sochirinụ gụnyere njikọ nke lipoAmino Acids (AAS) na-eji glycine na alanine, na Hentric et al. bipụtara usoro nyocha,gụnyere ngwa patent nke mbụ, na ojiji nke acyl sarcosinate na acyl aspartate salts dị ka surfactants na ngwaahịa nhicha ụlọ (dịka shampoos, detergents na toothpastes).N'ikpeazụ, ọtụtụ ndị nchọpụta nyochara njikọ na njirimara physicochemical nke acyl Amino Acids. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, e bipụtala nnukwu akwụkwọ na njikọ, ihe onwunwe, ngwa mmepụta ihe na biodegradability nke AAS.
02 Njirimara ihe owuwu
Agbụ mmiri acid fatty acid na-abụghị polar nke AAS nwere ike ịdịgasị iche na nhazi, ogologo ogologo na ọnụ ọgụgụ.Ihe nhazi dị iche iche na ọrụ elu elu nke AAS na-akọwa ụdị nhazi ha sara mbara na physicochemical na bayoloji. Ndị isi otu AAS bụ Amino Acids ma ọ bụ peptides. Ndịiche dị na ndị isi dị iche iche na-ekpebi mgbasa ozi, nchịkọta na ọrụ ndu nke ndị a surfactants. Otu ndị na-arụ ọrụ na isi otu ahụ na-ekpebi ụdị AAS, gụnyere cationic, anionic, nonionic, na amphoteric. Ngwakọta nke amino acids hydrophilic na akụkụ hydrophobic ogologo yinye na-etolite nhazi amphiphilic nke na-eme ka molekul ahụ na-arụ ọrụ nke ukwuu. Na mgbakwunye, ọnụnọ nke carbon carbon asymmetric na molecule na-enyere aka ịmepụta ụmụ irighiri ihe.
03 Ngwakọta kemịkalụ
Peptides na Polypeptides niile bụ ngwaahịa Polymerization nke ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 20 α-Proteinogenic α-Amino Acids. All 20 α-Amino Acids nwere otu carboxylic acid na-arụ ọrụ otu (-COOH) na otu amino arụ ọrụ (-NH 2), ha abụọ jikọtara na otu tetrahedral α-carbon atom. Amino Acids dị iche na ibe ya site na R dị iche iche na-ejikọta na α-carbon (ma e wezụga lycine, ebe R bụ hydrogen.) Òtù R nwere ike ịdị iche na nhazi, nha na ụgwọ (acidity, alkalinity). Ndịiche ndị a na-ekpebikwa solubility nke Amino Acids na mmiri.
Amino Acids bụ chiral (ma ewezuga glycine) ma na-arụ ọrụ ngwa ngwa site na okike n'ihi na ha nwere ihe anọ dị iche iche ejikọtara na carbon alfa. Amino Acids nwere ike ime mgbanwe abụọ; ha bụ ndị na-abụghị overlapping mirror oyiyi nke onye ọ bụla ọzọ, n'agbanyeghị eziokwu na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke L-stereoisomer bụ budata elu. Otu R nke dị na ụfọdụ Amino Acids (Phenylalanine, Tyrosine na Tryptophan) bụ aryl, na-eduga na mmịnye UV kachasị na 280 nm. Acidic α-COOH na α-NH 2 bụ isi na Amino Acids nwere ike ime ionization, ma stereoisomers abụọ, nke ọ bụla ha bụ, na-arụ nha nha ionization egosiri n'okpuru.
R-COOH ↔R-COO-＋H＋
R-NH3＋↔R-NH2＋H＋
Dị ka e gosiri na ionization nha nhata n'elu, amino asịd nwere opekata mpe otu abụọ acidic adịghị ike; Otú ọ dị, otu carboxyl dị nnọọ acidic ma e jiri ya tụnyere otu amino protonated. pH 7.4, otu carboxyl na-ekpochapụ ebe amino otu na-emepụta. Amino acids nwere otu R na-abụghị ionizable na-anọpụ iche na pH a ma na-etolite zwitterion.
04 Nhazi
Enwere ike kewaa AAS dịka njirisi anọ si dị, nke a kọwara n'okpuru ebe a.
4.1 Dị ka isi mmalite
| Dị ka mmalite, AAS nwere ike kewaa n'ime 2 edemede dị ka ndị a. ① Ụdị eke Ụfọdụ ogige ndị na-emekarị nke nwere amino acid nwekwara ike ibelata esemokwu elu/n'etiti ihu, ụfọdụ na-agafekwa ịdị irè nke glycolipids. A na-akpọkwa AAS ndị a dị ka lipopeptides. Lipopeptides bụ ogige dị ala dị ala, nke ụdị Bacillus na-emepụtakarị.
A na-ekekwa AAS dị otú ahụ na klaasị 3:Surfactin, iturin na fengycin.
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| Ezinụlọ nke peptides na-arụ ọrụ elu nwere ụdị heptapeptide dị iche iche,dị ka egosiri na eserese 2a, nke ejikọtara eriri C12-C16 na-enweghị β-hydroxy fatty acid na peptide. Ihe peptide na-arụ ọrụ n'elu bụ lactone macrocyclic nke a na-emechi mgbanaka site na catalysis n'etiti C-terminus nke β-hydroxy fatty acid na peptide. Na subclass nke iturin, e nwere isi isii dị iche iche, ya bụ iturin A na C, mycosubtilin na bacillomycin D, F na L.N'ọnọdụ niile, a na-ejikọta heptapeptides na ụdọ C14-C17 nke β-amino fatty acids (agbụ ahụ nwere ike ịdị iche iche). N'ihe banyere ekurimycins, otu amino nọ n'ọnọdụ β nwere ike ịmepụta njikọ amide na C-terminus si otú a na-emepụta usoro lactam macrocyclic.
Fengycin subclass nwere fengycin A na B, nke a na-akpọkwa plipastatin mgbe Tyr9 bụ D-ahazi.Ejikọtara decapeptide na C14-C18 juru ma ọ bụ β-hydroxy fatty acid yinye. N'usoro, plipastatin bụkwa lactone macrocyclic, nke nwere agbụ n'akụkụ Tyr na ọnọdụ 3 nke usoro peptide ma na-eme njikọ ester na ihe fọdụrụnụ C-terminal, si otú a na-emepụta mgbanaka n'ime ime (dị ka ọ dị maka ọtụtụ Pseudomonas lipopeptides).
② Otu sịntetik A nwekwara ike ịmepụta AAS site na iji ihe ọ bụla nke acidic, nke bụ isi na nke na-anọpụ iche. Amino acid a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka njikọ nke AAS bụ glutamic acid, serine, proline, aspartic acid, glycine, arginine, alanine, leucine, na protein hydrolysates. Nke a subclass nke surfactants nwere ike kwadebere site kemịkalụ, enzymatic, na chemoenzymatic ụzọ; Otú ọ dị, maka mmepụta nke AAS, njikọ kemịkalụ nwere ike ime ka akụ na ụba dịkwuo ike. Ihe atụ a na-ahụkarị gụnyere N-lauroyl-L-glutamic acid na N-palmitoyl-L-glutamic acid.
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4.2 Dabere na ihe nnọchi anya yinye aliphatic
Dabere na ihe ndị nọchiri anya yinye aliphatic, amino acid surfactants nwere ike kewaa ụzọ abụọ.
Dị ka ọnọdụ nke nnọchi anya
| ①N-anọchi AAS N'ime ogige N-anọchi anya otu amino, otu lipophilic ma ọ bụ otu carboxyl na-edochi otu amino, na-ebute ọdịda nke ntọala. ihe atụ kacha mfe nke N-dochiri AAS bụ N-acyl amino acids, nke bụ n'ezie anionic surfactants. n-dochiri AAS nwere njikọ amide jikọtara n'etiti akụkụ hydrophobic na hydrophilic. Njikọ amide nwere ikike ịmepụta njikọ hydrogen, nke na-eme ka mmebi nke surfactant a dị na gburugburu ebe obibi acid, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-adịghị mma.
②C-anọchi AAS Na ogige C-dochiri, ngbanwe ahụ na-eme na otu carboxyl (site na amide ma ọ bụ ester bond). Ogige ndị nọchiri anya C (dịka esters ma ọ bụ amides) bụ n'ezie cationic surfactants.
③N- na C-dochiri AAS Na ụdị surfactant a, ma amino na carboxyl otu bụ akụkụ hydrophilic. Ụdị a bụ n'ezie amphoteric surfactant. |
4.3 Dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọdụ hydrophobic si dị
Dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị isi na ọdụ hydrophobic, AAS nwere ike kewaa n'ime otu anọ. AAS kwụ ọtọ, Gemini (dimer) ụdị AAS, Glycerolipid ụdị AAS, na bicephalic amphiphilic (Bola) ụdị AAS. surfactants kwụ ọtọ bụ surfactants nwere amino acid nwere naanị otu ọdụ hydrophobic (Foto 3). Ụdị Gemini AAS nwere abụọ amino acid polar isi otu na abụọ hydrophobic ọdụ kwa molecule (Nyocha 4). N'ụdị nhazi a, AAS abụọ kwụ ọtọ na-ejikọta ọnụ site na onye na-ahụ maka oghere na ya mere a na-akpọkwa ya dimers. N'ụdị Glycerolipid AAS, n'aka nke ọzọ, a na-ejikọta ọdụ abụọ hydrophobic na otu isi amino acid. A pụrụ iwere ndị a surfactants dị ka analogs nke monoglycerides, diglycerides na phospholipids, ebe na Bola-ụdị AAS, abụọ amino acid isi otu na-ejikọta na ọdụ hydrophobic.
4.4 Dị ka ụdị isi otu
① Cationic AAS
Ndị isi otu ụdị surfactant a nwere ụgwọ dị mma. cationic AAS mbụ bụ ethyl cocoyl arginate, nke bụ pyrrolidone carboxylate. Ihe pụrụ iche na nke dị iche iche nke surfactant a na-eme ka ọ baa uru na ndị na-egbu egbu, ndị na-ahụ maka ọgwụ nje, ndị na-ahụ maka antistatic, ntutu isi, yana ịdị nwayọọ na anya na akpụkpọ anụ na ngwa ngwa biodegradable. Singare na Mhatre mebere arginine cationic AAS ma nyochaa njirimara physicochemical ha. N'ime ọmụmụ ihe a, ha kwuru na ngwaahịa ndị a nwetara site na iji ọnọdụ mmeghachi omume Schotten-Baumann. N'ịbawanye ogologo ogologo alkyl na hydrophobicity, ọrụ elu nke surfactant na-abawanye na Critical Micelle Concentration (cmc) na-ebelata. Nke ọzọ bụ protein acyl quternary, bụ nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe dị ka ihe mkpuchi na ngwaahịa nlekọta ntutu isi.
②Anionic AAS
Na anionic surfactants, polar isi otu nke surfactant nwere ụgwọ na-adịghị mma. Sarcosine (CH 3 -NH-CH 2 -COOH, N-methylglycine), amino acid nke a na-ahụkarị na urchins na oké osimiri, na-ejikọta ya na glycine (NH 2-CH 2-COOH,) nke bụ isi amino acid achọtara. n'ime sel anụ mammalian. -COOH,) nwere njikọ chiri anya na glycine, nke bụ amino acid bụ isi a na-ahụ na sel anụ mammalian. A na-ejikarị Lauric acid, tetradecanoic acid, oleic acid na halides na esters ha eme ihe iji mejupụta sarcosinate surfactants. Sarcosinates dị nro dị nro ma ya mere a na-ejikarị ya na ncha ọnụ, shampoos, spray foams, sunscreens, na-ehicha akpụkpọ anụ, na ngwaahịa ịchọ mma ndị ọzọ.
Anionic AAS ndị ọzọ dị na azụmaahịa gụnyere Amisoft CS-22 na AmiliteGCK-12, bụ aha azụmaahịa maka sodium N-cocoyl-L-glutamate na potassium N-cocoyl glycinate, n'otu n'otu. A na-ejikarị Amilite eme ihe dị ka onye na-eme ụfụfụ, ncha, solubilizer, emulsifier na dispersant, ma nwee ọtụtụ ngwa na ihe ịchọ mma, dị ka shampoos, ncha ịsa ahụ, ncha anụ ahụ, ncha eze, ihe na-ehicha ihu, ncha na-ehicha ihe, ndị na-ehicha oghere kọntaktị na ihe ndị dị n'ụlọ. A na-eji Amisoft dị ka ihe na-ehicha akpụkpọ na ntutu dị nro, tumadi n'ihe nchacha ihu na nke anụ ahụ, igbochi ncha sịntetik, ngwaahịa nlekọta ahụ, shampoos na ngwaahịa nlekọta anụ ahụ ndị ọzọ.
③zwitterionic ma ọ bụ amphoteric AAS
Amphoteric surfactants nwere ma saịtị acidic na nke bụ isi ma nwee ike gbanwee ụgwọ ha site n'ịgbanwe uru pH. Na mgbasa ozi alkaline ha na-akpa àgwà dị ka anionic surfactants, ebe na gburugburu acidic ha na-akpa àgwà dị ka cationic surfactants na na-anọpụ iche media dị ka amphoteric surfactants. Lauryl lysine (LL) na alkoxy (2-hydroxypropyl) arginine bụ nanị ihe ndị na-emepụta amphoteric a maara nke dabeere na amino acids. LL bụ ngwaahịa condensation nke lysine na lauric acid. N'ihi nhazi nke amphoteric ya, LL bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụdị ihe mgbaze niile, ewezuga ihe mgbaze alkaline ma ọ bụ acidic. Dị ka ntụ ntụ organic, LL nwere ezigbo mmachi na elu hydrophilic yana ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke esemokwu, na-enye nke a surfactant ikike mmanye mmanye. A na-eji LL eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe na ude akpụkpọ anụ na ntutu isi, a na-ejikwa ya dị ka mmanụ mmanu.
④ Nonionic AAS
A na-eji ndị isi pola mara ihe ndị na-eme ihe na-adịghị ahụ anya na-enweghị ebubo iwu. Ọhụrụ asatọ ethoxylated nonionic surfactants bụ ndị Al-Sabagh et al kwadoro. site na mmanụ-soluble α-amino acid. N'ime usoro a, L-phenylalanine (LEP) na L-leucine na-ebu ụzọ nweta hexadecanol, sochiri ya na palmitic acid iji nye amides abụọ na esters abụọ nke α-amino acids. Ndị amides na esters wee nwee mmeghachi omume condensation na ethylene oxide iji kwadebe ihe atọ phenylalanine nwere ọnụọgụ dị iche iche nke nkeji polyoxyethylene (40, 60 na 100). Achọpụtara AAS ndị a na-adịghị na ya nwere ezigbo nchacha na ụfụfụ.
05 Nchịkọta
5.1 Isi ụzọ sịntetik
Na AAS, enwere ike itinye otu hydrophobic na saịtị amine ma ọ bụ carboxylic acid, ma ọ bụ site na agbụ akụkụ nke amino acids. Dabere na nke a, ụzọ anọ bụ isi nke sịntetik dị, dị ka egosiri na foto 5.
Fig.5 Isi njikọ ụzọ nke amino acid dabere surfactants
| Ụzọ 1. Amphiphilic ester amines na-emepụta site na mmeghachi omume esterification, n'ọnọdụ nke a na-enwetakarị njikọ nke surfactant site na refluxing alcohols fatty acids na amino acid n'ihu onye na-eme ka mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na ihe na-eme acidic. Na mmeghachi omume ụfọdụ, sulfuric acid na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ma ihe na-akpali akpali ma na-eme ka mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ.
Ụzọ 2. Amino acid na-arụ ọrụ na-emeghachi omume na alkylamines iji mepụta njikọ amide, na-ebute njikọ nke amphiphilic amidoamines.
Ụzọ 3. A na-emepụta amino acids site na imeghachi otu amino acid nke amino acid na Amido Acids.
Ụzọ 4. Amino acid alkyl nwere ogologo yinye bụ mmeghachi omume nke otu amine nwere haloalkanes. |
5.2 Ọganihu na njikọ na mmepụta
5.2.1 Nkwekọrịta nke otu amino acid/peptide surfactants
Enwere ike ịmepụta N-acyl ma ọ bụ O-acyl amino acids ma ọ bụ peptides site na enzyme-catalyzed acylation nke amine ma ọ bụ otu hydroxyl nwere acid fatty. Akụkọ izizi gbasara njikọ amino acid amide ma ọ bụ methyl ester sitere na lipase na-enweghị ihe mgbaze ejiri Candida antarctica, na-amịpụta sitere na 25% ruo 90% dabere na ebumnuche amino acid. A na-ejikwa Methyl ethyl ketone mee ihe dị ka ihe mgbaze na mmeghachi omume ụfọdụ. Vonderhagen et al. kọwakwara lipase na protease-catalyzed N-acylation mmeghachi omume nke amino acids, protein hydrolysates na/ma ọ bụ usoro ha site na iji ngwakọta nke mmiri na ihe mgbaze organic (dịka ọmụmaatụ, dimethylformamide/mmiri) na methyl butyl ketone.
N'oge mbụ, isi nsogbu na njikọ enzyme-catalyzed nke AAS bụ obere mkpụrụ. Dị ka Valivety et al. mkpụrụ nke N-tetradecanoyl amino acid ewepụtara bụ naanị 2%-10% ọbụlagodi mgbe ejiri lipases dị iche iche na incubating na 70°C ruo ọtụtụ ụbọchị. Montet et al. ezutekwara nsogbu gbasara mbelata nke amino acids na njikọ N-acyl lysine na-eji acid fatty na mmanụ nri. Dị ka ha si kwuo, mkpụrụ kachasị nke ngwaahịa ahụ bụ 19% n'okpuru ọnọdụ enweghị ihe mgbaze na iji ihe mgbaze organic. Otu nsogbu ahụ bụ Valivety et al. na njikọ nke N-Cbz-L-lysine ma ọ bụ N-Cbz-lysine methyl ester mmepụta.
N'ime ọmụmụ ihe a, ha kwuru na mkpụrụ nke 3-O-tetradecanoyl-L-serine bụ 80% mgbe ha na-eji serine echedoro N-echebe na Novozyme 435 dị ka ihe na-akpali akpali na gburugburu ebe mgbaze na-enweghị mgbaze. Nagao na Kito mụrụ O-acylation nke L-serine, L-homoserine, L-threonine na L-tyrosine (LET) mgbe ha na-eji lipase Nsonaazụ mmeghachi omume (lipase nwetara site na Candida cylindracea na Rhizopus delemar na mmiri na-ekpuchi mmiri) wee kọwapụta na mkpụrụ nke acylation nke L-homoserine na L-serine dị ntakịrị, ebe ọ nweghị acylation nke L-threonine na LET mere.
Ọtụtụ ndị nchọpụta akwadola iji ihe ndị dị ọnụ ala na ndị dị njikere maka njikọ nke AAS dị ọnụ ahịa. Soo et al. na-ekwu na nkwadebe nke surfactants sitere n'ọbụ mmanụ na-arụ ọrụ kacha mma na lipoenzyme na-adịghị emegharị ahụ. Ha kwuru na mkpụrụ nke ngwaahịa ga-aka mma n'agbanyeghị mmeghachi omume na-ewe oge (ụbọchị 6). Gerova et al. nyochara njikọ na ọrụ elu nke chiral N-palmitoyl AAS dabere na methionine, proline, leucine, threonine, phenylalanine na phenylglycine na ngwakọta cyclic / agbụrụ agbụrụ. Pang na Chu kọwara njikọ nke monomers amino acid dabere na monomers dicarboxylic acid na ngwọta A usoro nke arụ ọrụ na biodegradable amino acid dabeere polyamide esters bụ synthesized site co-condensation mmeghachi omume na ngwọta.
Cantaeuzene na Guerreiro kọrọ esterification nke carboxylic acid otu Boc-Ala-OH na Boc-Asp-OH nwere ogologo yinye aliphatic alcohols na diols, na dichloromethane dị ka ihe mgbaze na agarose 4B (Sepharose 4B) dị ka ihe na-akpali akpali. N'ime ọmụmụ ihe a, mmeghachi omume nke Boc-Ala-OH na mmanya na-aba ụba ruo 16 carbons nyere ezigbo mkpụrụ (51%), ebe maka Boc-Asp-OH 6 na 12 carbons dị mma, na-enwe mmetụta kwekọrọ na 63% [64]. ]. 99.9%) na mkpụrụ sitere na 58% ruo 76%, nke a na-emepụta site na nguzobe nke njikọ amide na alkylamine dị ogologo ogologo ma ọ bụ ester bonds na mmanya mmanya nke Cbz-Arg-OMe, ebe papain mere dị ka ihe na-akpali akpali.
5.2.2 Nchịkọta nke amino acid/peptide surfactants dabere na gemini
Gemini surfactants nke sitere na Amino acid nwere ụmụ irighiri akwara AAS abụọ kwụ ọtọ jikọtara isi na isi na ibe ya site na otu spacer. Enwere atụmatụ 2 ga-ekwe omume maka njikọ chemoenzymatic nke ụdị gemini-based amino acid surfactants (Figure 6 na 7). Na eserese 6, a na-emeghachi usoro amino acid 2 na ngwakọta dị ka otu spacer wee webata otu hydrophobic abụọ. N'ime eserese 7, a na-ejikọta ihe owuwu abụọ ahụ kwụ ọtọ site na otu spacer bifunctional.
Mmepe izizi nke enzyme-catalyzed njikọ nke gemini lipoamino acid bụ nke Valivety et al butere ụzọ. Yoshimura et al. nyochara njikọ, mgbasa ozi na nchịkọta nke amino acid gemini surfactant dabere na cystine na n-alkyl bromide. Atụnyere ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na monomeric surfactants kwekọrọ. Faustino et al. kọwara njikọ nke monomeric urea nke anionic AAS dabere na L-cystine, D-cystine, DL-cystine, L-cysteine , L-methionine na L-sulfoalanine na ha abụọ nke gemini site na conductivity, nha nha elu esemokwu na kwụ ọtọ. -steeti fluorescence njirimara nke ha. E gosipụtara na uru cmc nke gemini dị ala site n'ịtụle monomer na gemini.
Fig.6 Synthesis nke gemini AAS site na iji ihe AA na spacer, na-esote ntinye nke otu hydrophobic.
Fig.7 Synthesis nke gemini AAS site na iji bifunctional spacer na AAS
5.2.3 Nkwekọrịta nke glycerolipid amino acid/peptide surfactants
Glycerolipid amino acid/peptide surfactants bụ klaasị ọhụrụ nke lipid amino acids bụ analog nke glycerol mono- (ma ọ bụ di-) esters na phospholipids, n'ihi nhazi ha nke otu ma ọ bụ abụọ eriri abụba nwere otu amino acid jikọtara na glycerol n'azụ. site na ester bond. Njikọ nke ndị a surfactants na-amalite site na nkwadebe nke glycerol esters nke amino asịd na elu okpomọkụ na ọnụnọ nke acidic catalyst (dịka BF 3). Enzyme-catalyzed synthesis (iji hydrolases, proteases na lipases dị ka ihe na-akpali akpali) bụkwa nhọrọ dị mma (Njirimara 8).
Ngwakọta enzyme-catalyzed nke dilaurylated arginine glycerides conjugates na-eji papain akọpụtala. Nkwekọrịta nke diacylglycerol ester conjugates sitere na acetylarginine na nyocha nke akụrụngwa physicochemical ha akọwokwa.
Fig.8 Nkwekọrịta nke mono na diacylglycerol amino acid conjugates
oghere: NH- (CH2)10-NH: compoundB1
oghere: NH-C6H4-NH: compoundB2
onye nhazi: CH2-CH2: compoundB3
Fig.9 Nchịkọta nke amphiphiles symmetrical ewepụtara na Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane
5.2.4 Nkwekọrịta nke amino acid/peptide surfactants dabere na bola
Amphiphiles ụdị bola nke dabere na amino acid nwere amino asịd 2 jikọtara ya na otu agbụ hydrophobic. Franceschi et al. kọwara njikọ nke ụdị amphiphiles nke bola na 2 amino acids (D- ma ọ bụ L-alanine ma ọ bụ L-histidine) na 1 alkyl yinye ogologo dị iche iche ma nyochaa ọrụ elu ha. Ha na-atụle njikọ na nchịkọta nke ụdị amphiphiles nke akwụkwọ akụkọ nwere obere amino acid (iji ma ọ bụ β-amino acid ma ọ bụ mmanya na-adịghị ahụkebe) na otu C12-C20 spacer. Ihe β-amino acid na-adịghị ahụkebe nke ejiri mee ihe nwere ike ịbụ shuga amino acid, amino acid azidothymin (AZT) enwetara, amino acid norbornene, na mmanya amino nke sitere na AZT (Njirimara 9). njikọ nke symmetrical bola-ụdị amphiphiles ewepụtara na tris (hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris) (Nyocha 9).
06 Njirimara physicochemical
A maara nke ọma na amino acid dabeere surfactants (AAS) dị iche iche na vasatail na ọdịdị na nwere ezi applicability na ọtụtụ ngwa dị ka mma solubilization, ezi emulsification Njirimara, elu arụmọrụ, elu elu ọrụ arụmọrụ na ezi iguzogide mmiri siri ike (calcium ion). ndidi).
Dabere na njiri mara nke amino acids (dịka nhụsianya elu elu, cmc, omume oge na okpomọkụ Krafft), e mechara nkwubi okwu ndị a ka emechara ọmụmụ ihe dị ukwuu - ọrụ elu nke AAS dị elu karịa nke ndị otu surfactant nke ya.
6.1 Ntụkwasị uche Micelle Dị Mkpa (cmc)
Critical micelle ịta ahụhụ bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị dị mkpa parameters nke surfactants na-achịkwa ọtụtụ elu-arụ ọrụ Njirimara dị ka solubilization, cell lysis na mmekọrịta ya na biofilms, wdg N'ozuzu, na-amụba yinye ogologo nke hydrocarbon ọdụ (na-amụba hydrophobicity) na-eduga ná mbelata. na cmc uru nke ngwọta surfactant, si otú ahụ na-abawanye ọrụ elu ya. Surfactants dabere na amino acids na-enwekarị ụkpụrụ cmc dị ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe.
Site na njikọ dị iche iche nke isi otu na ọdụ hydrophobic (mono-cationic amide, bi-cationic amide, bi-cationic amide-based ester), Infante et al. mebere AAS atọ nke arginine wee mụọ cmc na γcmc ha (mgbagwoju anya dị na cmc), na-egosi na ụkpụrụ cmc na γcmc belatara site na ịba ụba ogologo ọdụ hydrophobic. N'ọmụmụ ihe ọzọ, Singare na Mhatre chọpụtara na cmc nke N-a-acylarginine surfactants belatara site na ịba ụba nke carbon ọdụ ọdụ hydrophobic (Table 1).
Yoshimura et al. nyochara cmc nke gemini surfactants nke sitere na amino acid nke cysteine nwetara wee gosi na cmc belatara mgbe ogologo ogologo carbon carbon na agbụ hydrophobic mụbara site na 10 ruo 12. Ịbawanye ogologo ogologo carbon carbon ruo 14 kpatara mmụba na cmc. nke kwadoro na ogologo yinye gemini surfactants nwere ọdịdị dị ala nke nchịkọta.
Faustino et al. kọrọ na e guzobere micelles agwakọta na aqueous ngwọta nke anionic gemini surfactants dabere na cystine. A tụlekwara ndị gemini surfactants na ihe ndị na-ahụ maka monomeric nke kwekọrọ na ya (C 8 Cys). A kọrọ na ụkpụrụ cmc nke ngwakọta lipid-surfactant dị ala karịa nke nke surfactant dị ọcha. gemini surfactants na 1,2-diheptanoyl-sn-glyceryl-3-phosphocholine, mmiri-soluble, micelle-akpụ phospholipid, nwere cmc na millimolar larịị.
Shrestha na Aramaki nyochara nguzobe nke viscoelastic worm-dị ka micelles na mmiri mmiri ngwọta nke ngwakọta amino acid dabeere anionic-nonionic surfactants na-enweghị admixture salts. N'ime ọmụmụ ihe a, a chọpụtara na N-dodecyl glutamate nwere okpomọkụ Krafft dị elu; Otú ọ dị, mgbe a napụrụ ya na amino acid L-lysine bụ isi, ọ na-emepụta micelles na ngwọta ya malitere ime ka mmiri Newtonian na 25 Celsius.
6.2 Ezi mmiri solubility
Mmiri mmiri dị mma nke AAS bụ n'ihi ọnụnọ nke agbụ CO-NH ọzọ. Nke a na-eme ka AAS dịkwuo biodegradable na enyi na gburugburu ebe obibi karịa ndị surfactants ndị kwekọrọ. Mmiri solubility nke N-acyl-L-glutamic acid ka mma n'ihi otu carboxyl 2 ya. Mmiri mmiri nke Cn (CA) 2 dịkwa mma n'ihi na e nwere 2 ionic arginine dị iche iche na 1 molecule, nke na-eme ka mgbasa ozi na mgbasawanye dị irè karị na cell interface na ọbụna mgbochi nje bacteria dị irè na obere mkpokọta.
6.3 Krafft okpomọkụ na ebe Krafft
Enwere ike ịghọta okpomọkụ Krafft dị ka àgwà solubility kpọmkwem nke surfactants nke solubility na-abawanye nke ọma karịa otu okpomọkụ. Ionic surfactants nwere ọchịchọ ịmepụta hydrates siri ike, nke nwere ike ịpụta na mmiri. N'otu ọnọdụ okpomọkụ (nke a na-akpọ Krafft okpomọkụ), a na-ahụkarị mmụba dị egwu na nkwụsị na solubility nke surfactants. Ebe Krafft nke ion surfactant bụ okpomọkụ Krafft ya na cmc.
A na-ahụkarị njirimara solubility a maka ionic surfactants na enwere ike ịkọwa ya dị ka ndị a: solubility nke surfactant free monomer na-ejedebe n'okpuru okpomọkụ Krafft ruo mgbe ebe Krafft ruru, ebe ọ na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-abawanye n'ihi ọdịdị micell. Iji hụ na solubility zuru oke, ọ dị mkpa ịkwadebe usoro surfactant na okpomọkụ n'elu ebe Krafft.
A mụọla okpomọkụ Krafft nke AAS ma jiri ya tụnyere nke ndị na-emepụta ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-emekarị.Shrestha na Aramaki na-amụ banyere okpomọkụ nke Krafft nke AAS nke arginine dabeere na ya wee chọpụta na ihe mgbagwoju anya micelle na-egosipụta àgwà nchịkọta n'ụdị pre-micelles n'elu 2-5. ×10-6 mol-L -1 sochiri usoro micelle nkịtị (Ohta et al. chịkọtara ụdị isii dị iche iche nke N-hexadecanoyl AAS ma kwurịta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti okpomọkụ Krafft ha na amino acid residues.
N'ime nnwale ndị ahụ, achọpụtara na okpomọkụ nke Krafft nke N-hexadecanoyl AAS mụbara site na mbelata nke amino acid residues (phenylalanine bụ ihe dị iche), ebe okpomọkụ nke solubility (oke ọkụ) na-abawanye na mbelata nke fọdụrụ amino acid (ya na Ewezuga glycine na phenylalanine). E kwubiri na na alanine na usoro phenylalanine, mmekọrịta DL siri ike karịa mmekọrịta LL n'ụdị siri ike nke nnu N-hexadecanoyl AAS.
Brito et al. kpebisiri ike na okpomọkụ Krafft nke usoro atọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ amino acid dabeere na surfactants na-eji microcalorimetry nyocha dị iche iche wee chọpụta na ịgbanwe trifluoroacetate ion na iodide ion mere ka mmụba dị ukwuu na okpomọkụ Krafft (ihe dị ka 6 Celsius C), site na 47 ° C ruo 53 Celsius. C. Ọnụnọ nke njikọ cis-abụọ abụọ na unsaturation dị na Ser-derivatives ogologo oge mere ka mbelata dị ukwuu na okpomọkụ Krafft. A kọrọ na n-Dodecyl glutamate nwere okpomọkụ Krafft dị elu. Agbanyeghị, nnọpụiche ya na amino acid L-lysine bụ isi butere nguzobe nke micelles na ngwọta nke mere ka mmiri Newtonian na 25 Celsius C.
6.4 Esemokwu dị n'elu
Esemokwu dị n'elu nke surfactants metụtara ogologo ogologo nke akụkụ hydrophobic. Zhang et al. kpebisiri ike na elu nke sodium cocoyl glycinate site na usoro Wilhelmy plate (25 ± 0.2) Celsius C ma kpebie uru esemokwu elu na cmc dị ka 33 mN-m -1, cmc dị ka 0.21 mmol-L -1. Yoshimura et al. kpebisiri ike n'elu erughị ala nke 2C n Cys ụdị amino acid dabeere n'elu erughị ala nke 2C n Cys dabeere elu ndị na-arụ ọrụ. Achọpụtara na esemokwu elu na cmc na-ebelata site na ogologo yinye na-arịwanye elu (ruo n = 8), ebe a gbanwere usoro ahụ maka surfactants na n = 12 ma ọ bụ ogologo ogologo ogologo ogologo.
A mụọla mmetụta nke CaC1 2 n'elu esemokwu nke ihe ndị na-eme ka amino acid dabere na dicarboxylated surfactants. N'ime ọmụmụ ihe ndị a, agbakwunyere CaC1 2 na ngwọta mmiri nke atọ dicarboxylated amino acid surfactants (C12 MalNa 2, C12 AspNa 2, na C12 GluNa 2). Atụnyere ọnụ ahịa ala dị larịị mgbe cmc gachara wee chọpụta na esemokwu elu ahụ belatara na mkpokọta CaC1 2 dị obere. Nke a bụ n'ihi mmetụta nke ion calcium na nhazi nke surfactant na interface mmiri gas. esemokwu dị n'elu nke nnu nke N-dodecylaminomalonate na N-dodecylaspartate, n'aka nke ọzọ, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mgbe niile ruo 10 mmol-L -1 CaC1 2 ntinye uche. N'elu 10 mmol-L -1, esemokwu elu na-abawanye nke ọma, n'ihi nhazi nke mmiri ozuzo nke nnu calcium nke surfactant. Maka nnu disodium nke N-dodecyl glutamate, mgbakwunye na-agafeghị oke nke CaC1 2 mere ka mbelata dị ukwuu na esemokwu dị n'elu, ebe ọ na-aga n'ihu na mmụba CaC1 2 adịghịzi eme mgbanwe dị ukwuu.
Iji chọpụta kinetics adsorption nke ụdị gemini-AAS na interface mmiri gas, a na-ekpebi esemokwu elu dị ike site na iji usoro nrụgide afụ kachasị. Nsonaazụ gosiri na maka oge nnwale kacha ogologo, 2C 12 Cys dynamic surface esemokwu agbanwebeghị. Mbelata nke esemokwu elu dị ike na-adabere naanị na ntinye uche, ogologo nke ọdụ hydrophobic, na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri. Ịba ụba nke surfactant, mbelata ogologo yinye yana ọnụ ọgụgụ nke agbụ butere ire ere ngwa ngwa. Achọpụtara nsonaazụ enwetara maka mkpokọta C n Cys (n = 8 ruo 12) dị nso na γ cmc tụrụ site na usoro Wilhelmy.
N'ime ọmụmụ ihe ọzọ, a na-ekpebi esemokwu elu nke sodium dilauryl cystine (SDLC) na sodium didecamino cystine site na usoro Wilhelmy plate plate, na mgbakwunye, a na-ekpebi nguzozi n'elu esemokwu nke ngwọta mmiri ha site na usoro ntinye ụda. A na-enyochakwa mmeghachi omume nke njikọ disulfide site na ụzọ ndị ọzọ. Mgbakwunye nke mercaptoethanol na 0.1 mmol-L -1SDLC ngwọta mere ka mmụba ngwa ngwa na esemokwu elu site na 34 mN-m -1 ruo 53 mN-m -1. Ebe ọ bụ na NaClO nwere ike oxidize njikọ disulfide nke SDLC na otu sulfonic acid, ọ dịghị nchịkọta a hụrụ mgbe agbakwunyere NaClO (5 mmol-L -1) na 0.1 mmol-L -1 SDLC ngwọta. Ntugharị eletrọnịkị na nsonaazụ ọkụ na-agbanwe agbanwe gosiri na ọ nweghị mkpokọta etolite na ngwọta. Achọpụtara esemokwu elu nke SDLC na-abawanye site na 34 mN-m -1 ruo 60 mN-m -1 n'ime oge nke 20 min.
6.5 ọnụọgụ abụọ n'elu mmekọrịta
Na nkà mmụta sayensị ndụ, ọtụtụ ìgwè amụwo ihe ndị na-eme mkpọtụ nke ngwakọta nke cationic AAS (diacylglycerol arginine surfactants) na phospholipids na gas-water interface, n'ikpeazụ kwubiri na ihe a na-adịghị mma na-akpata mgbasawanye nke mmekọrịta electrostatic.
6.6 Njirimara mkpokọta
A na-ejikarị ịgbasa ọkụ na-agbanwe agbanwe iji chọpụta njirimara nchịkọta nke monomers amino acid dabeere na gemini surfactants na mkpokọta n'elu cmc, na-eme ka ọ pụta ìhè na dayameta hydrodynamic DH (= 2R H). Mkpokọta ndị C n Cys na 2Cn Cys hibere dị oke ibu ma nwee nkesa obosara ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka mmiri. All surfactants ma e wezụga 2C 12 Cys na-etolitekarị mkpokọta ihe dịka 10 nm. Mielle nha nke gemini surfactants dị nnọọ ukwuu karịa nke ndị ogbo ha monomeric. Mmụba nke ogologo yinye hydrocarbon na-edugakwa na mmụba nke oke micelle. ohta et al. kọwara mkpokọta mkpokọta nke atọ dị iche iche stereoisomers nke N-dodecyl-phenyl-alanyl-phenyl-alanine tetramethylammonium na ngwọta mmiri ma gosi na ndị diastereoisomers nwere otu mkpokọta mkpokọta dị egwu na ngwọta mmiri. Iwahashi et al. enyocha ya site na dichroism okirikiri, NMR na vapor pressure osmometry The Nhazi nke chiral aggregates nke N-dodecanoyl-L-glutamic acid, N-dodecanoyl-L-valine na methyl esters ha na ihe mgbaze dị iche iche (dị ka tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, 1,4). -dioxane na 1,2-dichloroethane) nwere ihe ngbanwe site na dichroism okirikiri, NMR na vepor pressure osmometry nyochara.
6.7 Mgbasa ozi ihu
Mgbasa ihu n'ihu nke ihe ndị na-eme ka amino acid dabere na ntụnyere ya na ogbo ya bụ otu n'ime ntụzịaka nyocha. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a nyochara njirimara mgbasa ozi interfacial nke dodecyl esters nke amino acid aromatic enwetara na LET na LEP. Nsonaazụ gosiri na LET na LEP gosipụtara mpaghara ihu ala dị ala na ikuku gas-mmiri yana interface mmiri/hexane, n'otu n'otu.
Bordes et al. nyochaa omume ngwọta na adsorption na gas-mmiri interface nke atọ dicarboxylated amino acid surfactants, disodium salts nke dodecyl glutamate, dodecyl aspartate, na aminomalonate (na 3, 2, na 1 carbon atom n'etiti abụọ carboxyl otu, otu). Dị ka akụkọ a si kwuo, cmc nke dicarboxylated surfactants dị okpukpu 4-5 dị elu karịa nke nnu monocarboxylated dodecyl glycine. Nke a bụ n'ihi nguzobe nke njikọ hydrogen n'etiti surfactants dicarboxylated na ụmụ irighiri agbata obi site na otu amide dị na ya.
6.8 Omume usoro
A na-ahụ usoro cubic Isotropic kwụsịrị maka ndị surfactants n'ogo dị elu. Ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị dị n'elu nwere nnukwu isi otu na-etolite mkpokọta nke obere nghota dị mma. marques et al. mụọ usoro omume nke usoro 12Lys12 / 12Ser na 8Lys8 / 16Ser (lee eserese 10), nsonaazụ ya gosipụtara na usoro 12Lys12/12Ser nwere mpaghara nkewa nkewa n'etiti mpaghara micellar na vesicular, ebe 8Lys8/16Ser system The 8Lys8 / 16Ser usoro na-egosi mgbanwe na-aga n'ihu (mpaghara elongated micellar n'etiti obere mpaghara micellar na mpaghara mpaghara vesicle). Ekwesiri iburu n'uche na maka mpaghara vesicle nke usoro 12Lys12 / 12Ser, vesicles na-ebikọ mgbe niile na micelles, ebe mpaghara vesicle nke usoro 8Lys8 / 16Ser nwere naanị vesicles.
Ngwakọta Catanionic nke lysine- na serine surfactants: symmetric 12Lys12/12Ser ụzọ (aka ekpe) na asymmetric 8Lys8/16Ser ụzọ (n'aka nri)
6.9 Emulsifying ike
Kouchi et al. nyochaa ikike emulsifying, esemokwu interfacial, dispersibility, na viscosity nke N-[3-dodecyl-2-hydroxypropyl]-L-arginine, L-glutamate, na ndị ọzọ AAS. N'iji ya tụnyere sịntetik surfactants (ndị mmekọ nonionic na amphoteric ha na-emekarị), nsonaazụ gosiri na AAS nwere ike emulsifying karịa surfactants.
Baczko et al. synthesized novel anionic amino acid surfactants wee nyochaa ntozu ha dị ka chiral gbakwasara NMR spectroscopy solvents. Usoro nke sulfonate dabeere na amphiphilic L-Phe ma ọ bụ L-Ala mmepụta nke nwere ọdụ hydrophobic dị iche iche (pentyl~tetradecyl) site na imeghachi amino acid na o-sulfobenzoic anhydride. Wu et al. synthesized sodium salts nke N-abụba acyl AAS nanyochara ikike emulsification ha na emulsions mmanụ n'ime mmiri, nsonaazụ gosipụtara na ndị a surfactants rụrụ ọrụ nke ọma na ethyl acetate dị ka oge mmanụ karịa n-hexane dị ka oge mmanụ.
6.10 Ọganihu na njikọ na mmepụta
Enwere ike ịghọta nguzogide mmiri siri ike dị ka ikike nke surfactants iguzogide ọnụnọ nke ion dị ka calcium na magnesium na mmiri siri ike, ya bụ, ikike iji zere mmiri ozuzo n'ime ncha calcium. Ndị na-ahụ maka mmiri na-eguzogide mmiri siri ike na-aba uru nke ukwuu maka nhazi ihe ncha na ngwaahịa nlekọta onwe onye. Enwere ike nyochaa nguzogide mmiri siri ike site n'ịgbakọ mgbanwe na solubility na ọrụ elu nke surfactant na ọnụnọ calcium ion.
Ụzọ ọzọ a ga-esi nyochaa nguzogide mmiri siri ike bụ ịgbakọ pasent ma ọ bụ gram nke surfactant achọrọ maka ncha calcium nke e nwetara site na 100 g nke sodium oleate ka a gbasasịa na mmiri. N'ebe ndị nwere nnukwu mmiri siri ike, nnukwu calcium na magnesium ion na ọdịnaya ịnweta nwere ike ime ka ụfọdụ ngwa bara uru sie ike. Ọtụtụ mgbe, a na-eji ion sodium dị ka ion counter nke anonic surfactant sịntetik. Ebe ọ bụ na calcium ion divalent na-ejikọta ya na ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe, ọ na-eme ka surfactant na-agbapụta ngwa ngwa site na ngwọta na-eme ka ihe mgbochi ghara ịdị.
Nnyocha nke mmiri siri ike nke AAS gosipụtara na acid na mmiri siri ike na-enwe mmetụta siri ike site na otu carboxyl ọzọ, na acid na mmiri siri ike na-abawanye n'ihu na mmụba nke ogologo nke spacer n'etiti abụọ carboxyl otu. . Usoro nke acid na mmiri siri ike bụ C 12 glycinate <C 12 aspartate <C 12 glutamate. N'iji tụnyere dicarboxylated amide bond na dicarboxylated amino surfactant, n'otu n'otu, a chọpụtara na pH nso nke ikpeazụ bụ mbara na ọrụ elu ya na-abawanye na mgbakwunye nke acid kwesịrị ekwesị. Amino acid N-alkyl dicarboxylated gosipụtara mmetụta chelating na ọnụnọ calcium ion, na C 12 aspartate kpụrụ gel ọcha. c 12 glutamate gosipụtara ọrụ elu dị elu na mkpokọta Ca 2+ dị elu ma na-atụ anya na a ga-eji ya mee ihe na mmiri mmiri.
6.11 Mgbasa
Dispersibility na-ezo aka na ikike nke surfactant iji gbochie coalescence na sedimentation nke surfactant na ngwọta.Dispersibility bụ ihe dị mkpa nke surfactants nke na-eme ka ha dị mma maka iji ihe ncha, ihe ịchọ mma na ọgwụ.Onye na-achụsa ihe ga-enwerịrị ester, ether, amide ma ọ bụ njikọ amino n'etiti otu hydrophobic na otu hydrophilic ọnụ (ma ọ bụ n'etiti otu hydrophobic kwụ ọtọ).
N'ozuzu, anionic surfactants dị ka alkanolamido sulfates na amphoteric surfactants dị ka amidosulfobetaine na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma dị ka ndị na-achụsa ihe maka ncha calcium.
Ọtụtụ mgbalị nyocha ekpebiwo mgbasa nke AAS, ebe N-lauroyl lysine achọpụtara na ọ na-adaba na mmiri na-adịghị ike ma sie ike iji maka nhazi ihe ịchọ mma.N'usoro isiokwu a, amino asịd ndị nọchiri anya N-acyl nwere nnukwu mgbasa ma a na-eji ya na ụlọ ọrụ ịchọ mma iji meziwanye usoro.
07 Nsi
Surfactants ndị a na-emekarị, karịsịa cationic surfactants, na-egbu egbu maka ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri. Nnukwu nsi ha bụ n'ihi ihe omume nke mgbasa ozi-ion mmekọrịta nke surfactants na cell-water interface. Mbelata cmc nke surfactants na-ebutekarị mgbasa ozi n'etiti ihu nke surfactants, nke na-ebutekarị oke nsi ha. Mmụba na ogologo nke hydrophobic yinye nke surfactants na-edugakwa na mmụba nke surfactant nnukwu toxicity.Ọtụtụ AAS dị ala ma ọ bụ ndị na-adịghị egbu egbu na ụmụ mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi (karịsịa na ihe ndị dị n'oké osimiri) ma dị mma maka iji ihe oriri, ọgwụ na ihe ịchọ mma.Ọtụtụ ndị nchọpụta egosila na amino acid surfactants na-adị nwayọọ na anaghị akpasu anụ ahụ iwe. A maara surfactants nke sitere na arginine ka ọ na-adịchaghị egbu egbu karịa ndị ogbo ha.
Brito et al. mụọ physicochemical na toxicological Njirimara nke amino acid dabeere amphiphiles na ha [sitere na tyrosine (Tyr), hydroxyproline (Hyp), serine (Ser) na lysine (Lys)] na mberede guzobe cationic vesicles ma nye data na ha nnukwu toxicity. Daphnia magna (IC 50). Ha na-emepụta cationic vesicles nke dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) / Lys-derivatives na / ma ọ bụ Ser-/ Lys-derivative ngwakọta ma nwalee ha ecotoxicity na hemolytic ike, na-egosi na ihe niile AAS na vesicle-nwere ngwakọta bụ ndị na-egbu egbu karịa omenala surfactant DTAB. .
Rosa et al. nyochara njikọ (mmekọrịta) nke DNA na vesicles cationic dabere na amino acid kwụsiri ike. N'adịghị ka cationic surfactants, nke na-adịkarị ka ọ na-egbu egbu, mmekọrịta nke cationic amino acid surfactants na-egosi na ọ dịghị egbu egbu. AAS cationic dabere na arginine, nke na-etolite vesicles kwụsiri ike n'otu oge yana yana ụfọdụ surfactants anionic. A na-akọkwa ndị na-egbochi corrosion nke sitere na Amino acid adịghị egbu egbu. Ndị a surfactants na-adị mfe synthesized na elu ịdị ọcha (ruo 99%), ọnụ ala, mfe biodegradable, na kpamkpam soluble na aqueous mgbasa ozi. Ọtụtụ nchọpụta egosila na sọlfọ nwere amino acid surfactants ka mma na mgbochi corrosion.
N'ime nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, Perinelli et al. kọrọ profaịlụ toxicological afọ ojuju nke rhamnolipids ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị surfactants. A maara Rhamnolipids ka ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe nkwalite ike. Ha kọkwara mmetụta nke rhamnolipids na njedebe epithelial nke ọgwụ macromolecular.
08 Ọrụ mgbochi ọrịa
Enwere ike nyochaa ọrụ antimicrobial nke surfactants site na ntinye ihe mgbochi kacha nta. A mụọla ọrụ antimicrobial nke surfactants nke arginine nke ọma. Achọpụtara nje bacteria gram-adịghị mma ka ọ na-eguzogide ọgwụ surfactants sitere na arginine karịa nje bacteria Gram-positive. A na-abawanye ọrụ antimicrobial nke surfactants site na ọnụnọ nke hydroxyl, cyclopropane ma ọ bụ agbụ ndị na-adịghị mma n'ime ụdọ acyl. Castillo et al. gosiri na ogologo nke acyl chains na ụgwọ dị mma na-ekpebi uru HLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) nke molecule, na ndị a na-enwe mmetụta na ike ha imebi akpụkpọ ahụ. Nα-acylarginine methyl ester bụ klaasị ọzọ dị mkpa nke cationic surfactants nwere ọrụ antimicrobial sara mbara yana Ọ na-adị ngwa ngwa biodegradable na ọ nwere obere ma ọ bụ enweghị nsi. Ọmụmụ banyere mmekọrịta nke Nα-acylarginine methyl ester surfactants dabeere na 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-propyltrioxyl-3-phosphorylcholine na 1,2-ditetradecanoyl-sn-propyltrioxyl-3-phosphorylcholine, ụdị akpụkpọ anụ, na ndị nwere ndụ organisms. ọnụnọ ma ọ bụ enweghị ihe mgbochi mpụga egosila na klas a nke surfactants nwere ezigbo antimicrobial Nsonaazụ gosiri na ndị surfactants nwere ezigbo ọrụ antibacterial.
09 Njirimara Rheological
Njirimara rheological nke surfactants na-arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa n'ịchọpụta na ịkọ ngwa ha na ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche, gụnyere nri, ọgwụ, mmịpụta mmanụ, nlekọta onwe onye na ngwaahịa nlekọta ụlọ. Emeela ọtụtụ ọmụmụ iji kparịta njikọ dị n'etiti viscoelasticity nke amino acid surfactants na cmc.
Ngwa 10 na ụlọ ọrụ ịchọ mma
A na-eji AAS na-emepụta ọtụtụ ngwaahịa nlekọta onwe onye.A na-ahụ potassium N-cocoyl glycinate dị nro na akpụkpọ ahụ ma jiri ya na-ehicha ihu iji wepụ sludge na etemeete. n-Acyl-L-glutamic acid nwere otu carboxyl abụọ, nke na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mmiri. N'ime AAS ndị a, AAS dabeere na C 12 fatty acids na-ejikarị eme ihe na-ehichapụ ihu iji wepụ sludge na etemeete. AAS na agbụ C 18 na-eji dị ka emulsifiers na ngwaahịa nlekọta anụ ahụ, na N-Lauryl alanine salts mara na ọ na-emepụta ụfụfụ creamy nke na-adịghị akpasu anụ ahụ iwe ma nwee ike iji ya mee ihe n'ichepụta ngwaahịa nlekọta ụmụaka. AAS dabeere na N-Lauryl nke eji na ntacha eze nwere ezigbo ncha dị ka ncha na ike enzyme na-egbochi nrụpụta.
N'ime iri afọ ole na ole gara aga, nhọrọ nke surfactants maka ịchọ mma, ngwaahịa nlekọta onwe onye na ọgwụ na-elekwasị anya na obere nsị, ịdị nwayọọ, ịdị nwayọọ na-emetụ aka na nchekwa. Ndị na-eri ngwaahịa ndị a maara nke ọma maka mgbakasị ahụ, nsị na ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi.
Taa, AAS na-eji emepụta ọtụtụ shampoos, ntutu isi na ncha ịsa ahụ n'ihi ọtụtụ uru ha karịa ndị omenala omenala na ihe ịchọ mma na ngwaahịa nlekọta onwe onye.Surfactants sitere na protein nwere ihe ndị na-achọsi ike dị mkpa maka ngwaahịa nlekọta onwe onye. Ụfọdụ AAS nwere ikike imepụta ihe nkiri, ebe ndị ọzọ nwere ikike ịfụfụ dị mma.
Amino acids bụ ihe dị mkpa na-eme ka mmiri dị na stratum corneum. Mgbe mkpụrụ ndụ epidermal nwụrụ, ha na-aghọ akụkụ nke stratum corneum na protein intracellular na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-eweda amino acid. A na-ebugakwa amino acid ndị a n'ihu n'ime stratum corneum, ebe ha na-etinye abụba ma ọ bụ ihe ndị yiri abụba n'ime epidermal stratum corneum, si otú ahụ na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo elu nke akpụkpọ ahụ. Ihe dị ka 50% nke ihe na-eme ka mmiri dị n'ime anụ ahụ bụ amino acid na pyrrolidone mejupụtara.
Collagen, ihe eji eme ihe ịchọ mma, nwekwara amino acid na-eme ka akpụkpọ ahụ dị nro.Nsogbu akpụkpọ ahụ dị ka isi ike na isi ọwụwa bụ n'ihi enweghị amino acid. Otu nnyocha gosiri na ịgwakọta amino acid na ude na-ebelata akpụkpọ ahụ ọkụ, na ebe ndị ọ metụtara laghachiri n'ọnọdụ ha na-aghọghị ọnya keloid.
A chọpụtakwara na Amino acid na-aba uru nke ukwuu n'ilekọta cuticles mebiri emebi.Ntutu akọrọ na enweghị ọdịdị nwere ike igosi mbelata nke mkpokọta amino acid na stratum corneum mebiri emebi nke ukwuu. Amino acids nwere ikike ịbanye n'ime cuticle n'ime ogwe ntutu ma nweta mmiri dị na akpụkpọ ahụ.Ikike a nke amino acid dabere na surfactants na-eme ka ha baa uru nke ukwuu na ncha ntutu, ịcha ntutu, ihe na-eme ka ntutu dị nro, ihe na-edozi ntutu, na ọnụnọ amino acid na-eme ka ntutu dị ike.
Ngwa 11 na ihe ịchọ mma kwa ụbọchị
Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-enwewanye agụụ maka imepụta ncha nke sitere na amino acid gburugburu ụwa.A maara AAS ka ọ nwee ikike nhicha dị mma, ikike ịfụ ụfụfụ na ihe na-eme ka ọ dị nro, nke na-eme ka ha dị mma maka ihe eji eme ụlọ, shampoos, ịsacha ahụ na ngwa ndị ọzọ.A na-akọ na amphoteric AAS aspartic acid ewepụtara dị ka ihe nchacha dị irè nke ukwuu nwere ihe ndị na-egbu egbu. Achọpụtara iji ihe nchacha ihe mejupụtara N-alkyl-β-aminoethoxy acid iji belata mgbakasị ahụ akpụkpọ ahụ. A kọwala na ọ bụ ihe nchacha mmiri nke mejupụtara N-cocoyl-β-aminopropionate ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma maka ntụpọ mmanụ n'elu igwe. Anaminocarboxylic acid surfactant, C 14 CHOHCH 2 NHCH 2 COONa, egosikwara na ọ nwere nchacha nke ọma ma jiri ya ihicha akwa akwa, kapeeti, ntutu isi, iko, wdg. The 2-hydroxy-3-aminopropionic acid-N, N- Amara acetoacetic acid ewepụtara na ọ nwere ikike mgbagwoju anya ma si otú a na-enye ndị ọrụ ịcha ọcha nkwụsi ike.
Nkwadebe nke usoro nchacha nke dabeere na N- (N'-long-chain acyl-β-alanyl) -β-alanine ka Keigo na Tatsuya kọọla na patent ha maka ike ịsacha na nkwụsi ike ka mma, nkwụsịtụ ụfụfụ dị mfe na ịdị nro dị mma. . Kao mepụtara usoro nchacha nke dabere na N-Acyl-1 -N-hydroxy-β-alanine wee kọwapụta mgbakasị ahụ dị ala, oke mmiri na-eguzogide na ike iwepụ ntụpọ dị elu.
Ụlọ ọrụ Japan Ajinomoto na-eji AAS dị ala na-egbu egbu ma dị mfe imebi nke dabeere na L-glutamic acid, L-arginine na L-lysine dị ka isi ihe dị na shampoos, detergents na cosmetics (Figure 13). A kọwokwa ikike nke mgbakwunye enzyme n'ụdị ncha iji wepụ protein na-emebi emebi. N-acyl AAS sitere na glutamic acid, alanine, methylglycine, serine na aspartic acid ka akọọrọ maka ojiji ha dị ka ihe nchacha mmiri dị mma na ngwọta mmiri. Ndị a surfactants adịghị amụba viscosity ma ọlị, ọbụna na oke ala okpomọkụ, na ike ibufe ngwa ngwa site na nchekwa arịa nke ụfụfụ ngwaọrụ iji nweta homogeneous foams.
Oge nzipu: Jun-09-2022