ozi

Ngwaahịa anyị bụ isi: Amino silicone, silicone block, silicone silicone, silicone emulsion ha niile, wetting rubbing fastness enhancer, mmiri na-egbochi mmiri (Fluorine free, Carbon 6, Carbon 8), kemịkalụ demin na-asa (ABS, Enzyme, Spandex Protector, Manganese remover), nkọwa ndị ọzọ biko kpọtụrụ: Mandy +56 (189)

Mmekọrịta 9 dị ukwuu n'etiti ndị na-emepụta ihe na ụlọ mmepụta ihe

01 Mgbochi elu

A na-akpọ ike nke na-eme iji nweta elu mmiri mmiri n'ogologo otu nkeji, nke a tụrụ na N·m⁻¹.

02 Ọrụ elu na Surfactants

A na-akpọ ihe onwunwe nke na-ebelata esemokwu elu nke ihe mgbaze, a na-akpọkwa ihe ndị nwere ihe onwunwe a dị ka ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'elu. Surfactants bụ ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'elu nke nwere ike ịmepụta mkpokọta na ngwọta mmiri, dị ka micelles, ma gosipụta ọrụ elu dị elu yana ọrụ dị ka wetting, emulsifying, foaming, na ịsacha.

03 Njirimara Ọdịdị Molecular nke Surfactants

Surfactants bụ organic ogige nwere pụrụ iche Ọdịdị na Njirimara; ha nwere ike gbanwee esemokwu nke ihu n'etiti akụkụ abụọ ma ọ bụ esemokwu elu nke mmiri mmiri (na-emekarị mmiri), na-egosipụta ihe ndị dị ka wetting, ụfụfụ, emulsifying, na ịsacha. N'usoro, surfactants na-ekerịta njirimara nke inwe ụdị abụọ dị iche iche dị iche iche n'ime ụmụ irighiri ha: otu njedebe nwere ogologo ogologo nke na-abụghị polar nke na-agbaze na mmanụ ma na-adịghị ike na mmiri, nke a maara dị ka ìgwè hydrophobic. Otu hydrophobic a na-abụkarị hydrocarbon ogologo, ọ bụ ezie na mgbe ụfọdụ ọ nwere ike ịgụnye fluorides organic, silicons organic, phosphines organic, ma ọ bụ organotin chains. Ngwunye nke ọzọ nwere otu mmiri na-agbaze mmiri, nke a maara dị ka ìgwè hydrophilic. Otu hydrophilic ga-enwerịrị hydrophilicity zuru oke iji hụ na ihe niile surfactant nwere ike igbari na mmiri ma nwee ike dị mkpa. N'ihi na surfactants nwere ma hydrophilic na hydrophobic dị iche iche, ha nwere ike igbari na opekata mpe otu akụkụ nke mmiri mmiri. A na-akpọ ọdịdị mmekọrịta abụọ a nke surfactants dị ka amphiphilicity.

04 Ụdị nke Surfactants

Surfactants bụ molekul amphiphilic nwere ma hydrophobic na hydrophilic otu. Otu hydrophobic na-ejikarị hydrocarbons ogologo yinye, dị ka alkanes kwụ ọtọ (C8-C20), alkanes alaka (C8-C20), ma ọ bụ alkylbenzenes (alkyl carbon atom number 8-16). Esemokwu dị na otu hydrophobic na-esite na ngbanwe nhazi na agbụ carbon. Otú ọ dị, ọdịiche dị iche iche nke hydrophilic dị nnọọ ukwuu, n'ihi ya, ihe onwunwe nke surfactants na-ejikọta ọ bụghị nanị na nha na ọdịdị nke ìgwè hydrophobic kamakwa n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na ìgwè hydrophilic. Enwere ike kewaa ihe ndị dị n'elu dabere na nhazi nke otu hydrophilic, nke bụ isi ma ọ bụ ionic, na-ekewa ha n'ime anionic, cationic, nonionic, zwitterionic, na ụdị ndị ọzọ pụrụ iche nke surfactants.

05 Njirimara nke ngwọta Surfactant

① Mgbasa ozi na Interface

Mkpụrụ ndụ ndị dị n'elu nwere ma hydrophilic na hydrophobic. Mmiri, ịbụ mmiri mmiri pola siri ike, mgbe surfactants gbazere n'ime ya, na-agbaso ụkpụrụ nke "polarity yiri ya na-adọta ibe ya; polarities dị iche iche na-achụpụ ibe ha." Otu hydrophilic ya na mmiri na-emekọ ihe, na-eme ka ọ na-agbaze, ebe ìgwè hydrophobic ya na-esi na mmiri na-apụ na mmiri, na-eme ka mkpụrụ ndụ surfactant (ma ọ bụ ions) na-adaba na oyi akwa interfacial, si otú ahụ na-ebelata esemokwu interfacial n'etiti akụkụ abụọ ahụ. Ka ụmụ irighiri ihe dị elu (ma ọ bụ ion) na-adaba na interface ahụ, na-abawanye mbelata esemokwu n'etiti ihu.

② Njirimara nke ihe nkiri adsorbed

Nrụgide dị n'elu nke ihe nkiri adsorbed: Ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe nkiri adsorbed na interface mmiri gas. Dị ka ihe atụ, ịtụkwasị ihe na-ese n'elu mmiri n'enweghị esemokwu ga-eme ka nrụgide dị n'elu mmiri na-ese n'elu mmiri mgbe a na-akwagharị ihe nkiri ahụ n'elu mmiri mmiri. A na-akpọ nrụgide a n'elu nrụgide.

Viscosity dị n'elu: Dị ka nrụgide elu, viscosity elu bụ ihe ihe nkiri ihe nkiri na-adịghị edozi ahụ gosipụtara. Site n'ịkwụsị mgbanaka platinum na waya ọla mara mma nke mere na ọ na-emetụ n'elu mmiri dị na tank, ịtụgharị mgbanaka platinum na-egosipụta nguzogide n'ihi viscosity mmiri. Nrụrụ na njupụta a hụrụ nwere ike tụọ viscosity elu; ọdịiche dị na ọnụ ọgụgụ ire ere n'etiti mmiri dị ọcha na nke nwere ihe nkiri dị n'elu na-enye viscosity nke ihe nkiri dị n'elu. Viscosity dị n'elu nwere njikọ chiri anya na ihe nkiri siri ike; ebe ọ bụ na ihe nkiri ndị a na-ekesa nwere nhịahụ elu na viscosity, ha ga-enwerịrị ngbanwe. Ka nrụgide elu na viscosity nke ihe nkiri adsorbed na-abawanye, na-abawanye modulus ya.

③ Ọdịdị Micelle

Omume nke surfactants na ngwọta dilute na-erube isi na ụkpụrụ ngwọta dị mma. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke surfactant adsorbed na elu ihe ngwọta na-abawanye ka ihe ngwọta ngwọta na-ebili ruo mgbe a na-enweta ụfọdụ ntinye uche, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, mgbasa ozi adịghị abawanye n'ihu. Molecules surfactant karịrị a na-agbasasị n'oge a na-enweghị usoro ma ọ bụ dị n'ụdị a haziri. Ma ihe akaebe bara uru na nke usoro ihe ọmụma na-egosi na ha na-etolite mkpokọta na ngwọta, nke a na-akpọ micelles. Opekempe kacha nta nke ndị surfactants na-amalite ịmalite micelles bụ nke a na-akpọ mkpokọta micelle dị egwu (CMC).

06 Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance Uru (HLB)

HLB, mkpụmkpụ maka Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance, na-egosi nguzozi n'etiti otu hydrophilic na lipophilic na surfactants. Uru HLB dị elu na-egosi hydrophilicity siri ike na lipophilicity adịghị ike, ebe nke ọzọ bụ eziokwu maka ụkpụrụ HLB dị ala.

① Nkọwapụta ụkpụrụ HLB **:Uru HLB dị oke; Ya mere, maka iguzobe ụkpụrụ HLB, ụkpụrụ maka ihe na-abụghị hydrophilic, dị ka paraffin, ka edobere na HLB = 0, ebe sodium dodecyl sulfate na mmiri siri ike na-ekenye HLB = 40. N'ihi ya, ụkpụrụ HLB maka surfactants n'ozuzu na-adaba n'etiti 1 na 40. Surfactants nwere HLB uru na-erughị 1.1. Ya mere, ebe ntụgharị dị n'etiti lipophilicity na hydrophilicity dị gburugburu 10. Enwere ike ịchọta ihe eji eme ihe nke surfactants site na ụkpụrụ HLB ha.

HLB

Ngwa

HLB

Ngwa

1.5-3

Ụdị W/O ndị na-emebi ụfụfụ

8-18

Ụdị Emulsifiers Ụdị O/W

3.5-6

Ụdị Emulsifiers W/O

13-15

Ihe nchacha

7 ~ 9

Ndị ọrụ Wetting

15-18

Solubilizers

Dị ka tebụl, surfactants kwesịrị ekwesị maka ojiji dị ka mmanụ-n'ime mmiri emulsifiers nwere uru HLB nke 3.5 ruo 6, ebe ndị maka emulsifiers mmiri na-adaba n'etiti 8 ruo 18.

② Mkpebi nke ụkpụrụ HLB (wepụrụ).

07 Emulsification na Solubilization

Emulsion bụ usoro a na-emepụta mgbe otu mmiri mmiri na-enweghị ike gbasasịa na nke ọzọ n'ụdị dị mma (mkpụrụ mmiri ma ọ bụ kristal mmiri). The emulsifier, nke bụ ụdị nke surfactant, dị mkpa maka ime ka usoro a na-esighi ike na-ekpo ọkụ site n'ibelata ike ihu ihu. The frasi ẹdude ke droplet ụdị ke emulsion a na-akpọ achụsasịwo frasi (ma ọ bụ esịtidem frasi), mgbe frasi akpụ a na-aga n'ihu oyi akwa a na-akpọ dispersion ọkara (ma ọ bụ mpụga frasi).

① Emulsifiers na emulsifiers

Emulsion ndị a na-emekarị na-enwekarị otu akụkụ dị ka mmiri ma ọ bụ ngwọta mmiri, na nke ọzọ dị ka ihe organic, dị ka mmanụ ma ọ bụ waxes. Dabere na mgbasa ha, emulsion nwere ike nkewa dị ka mmiri-n'ime mmanụ (W / O) ebe mmanụ na-agbasasị na mmiri, ma ọ bụ mmanụ-n'ime mmiri (O / W) ebe mmiri na-agbasasị na mmanụ. Ọzọkwa, mgbagwoju emulsions dị ka W / O / W ma ọ bụ O / W / O nwere ike ịdị. Emulsifiers na-eme ka emulsions guzosie ike site n'iwetu esemokwu n'etiti ihu na ịmepụta membranes monomolecular. Ihe emulsifier ga-emerịrị ma ọ bụ gbakọta na interface ahụ iji wedata esemokwu n'etiti ihu wee kenye ụgwọ na ụmụ irighiri mmiri, na-ebute mkparị electrostatic, ma ọ bụ mepụta ihe nkiri nchebe dị elu gburugburu ụmụ irighiri ihe. N'ihi ya, ihe eji eme emulsifiers ga-enwerịrị otu amphiphilic, nke ndị surfactants nwere ike inye.

② Ụzọ Nkwadebe Emulsion na Ihe Na-emetụta Nkwụsi Ike

Enwere ụzọ abụọ bụ isi maka ịkwadebe emulsions: usoro igwe na-agbasa mmiri n'ime obere irighiri mmiri n'ime mmiri ọzọ, ebe usoro nke abụọ gụnyere igbari mmiri mmiri n'ụdị molekụla n'ụdị ọzọ wee mee ka ha gbakọta nke ọma. Nkwụsi ike nke emulsion na-ezo aka n'ikike ya iguzogide nchịkọta nke na-eduga na nkewa nkewa. Emulsions bụ usoro na-adịghị akwụsị akwụsị nke nwere ike n'efu dị elu, yabụ nkwụsi ike ha na-egosipụta oge dị mkpa iji ruo nha nha, ya bụ, oge ọ na-ewe maka mmiri mmiri iji kewapụ na emulsion. Mgbe mmanya na-egbu egbu, fatty acids, na amines fatty dị na fim interfacial, ike akpụkpọ ahụ na-abawanye nke ukwuu n'ihi na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa polar na-etolite ogige na oyi akwa adsorbed, na-eme ka akpụkpọ ahụ dị n'ihu sie ike.

Emulsifiers mejupụtara abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa surfactants ka a na-akpọ ngwakọta emulsifiers. Ngwakọta emulsifiers adsorb na mmiri-mmanụ interface, na molekụla mmekọrịta nwere ike na-eme ka mgbagwoju anya nke ukwuu na-ebelata esemokwu n'etiti ihu, na-amụba ego nke adsorbate na-akpụ denser, ike interfacial membranes.

Mmụba ndị na-ebu ọkụ eletrik na-emetụta nkwụsi ike nke emulsions. Na emulsions kwụsiri ike, ụmụ irighiri mmiri na-ebukarị chaja eletrik. Mgbe a na-eji emulsifier ionic eme ihe, njedebe hydrophobic nke ionic surfactants na-abanye n'ime mmanụ mmanụ, ebe njedebe hydrophilic na-anọgide na mmiri mmiri, na-enye ụgwọ maka ụmụ irighiri mmiri. Dị ka ebubo n'etiti ụmụ irighiri mmiri na-akpata nchụso ma na-egbochi coalescence, nke na-eme ka nkwụsi ike. Ya mere, ka ntinye nke ion emulsifier dị ukwuu na-adaba na ụmụ irighiri mmiri, otú ahụ ka ụgwọ ha na-abawanye na nkwụsi ike nke emulsion dị elu.

The viscosity nke mgbasa mgbasa na-emetụta emulsion kwụsie ike. N'ozuzu, viscosity ndị dị elu na-eme ka nkwụsi ike n'ihi na ha na-egbochi mmegharị nke ụmụ irighiri mmiri Brownian, na-ebelata ohere nke nkukota. Ihe dị elu nke dị arọ nke na-agbaze na emulsion nwere ike ịbawanye viscosity ọkara na nkwụsi ike. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ihe ndị dị arọ dị elu nwere ike ịmepụta membranes interfacial siri ike, na-eme ka emulsion dịkwuo mma. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ịgbakwunye ntụ ntụ siri ike nwere ike ime ka emulsions guzosie ike n'otu aka ahụ. Ọ bụrụ na mmiri na-agbapụta ihe ndị siri ike ma nwee ike weta ya site na mmanụ, a ga-edobe ha na mmiri mmiri-mmanụ. Uzuzu siri ike na-eme ka emulsion kwụsie ike site n'ịkwalite ihe nkiri ahụ ka ha na-agbakọta na interface ahụ, dị ka ihe ndị na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ.

Surfactants nwere ike ịkwalite solubility nke ogige organic nke na-adịghị ike ma ọ bụ soluble dị ntakịrị na mmiri mgbe micelles etolite na ngwọta. N'oge a, ngwọta na-apụta ìhè, a na-akpọkwa ikike a solubilization. A na-akpọ ihe ndị dị n'elu nke nwere ike ịkwalite solubilization solubilizers, ebe a na-akpọ ogige ndị na-edozi ahụ dị ka solubylates.

08 ụfụfụ

Ụfụfụ na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ime usoro ịsa ahụ. Ụfụfụ na-ezo aka n'usoro gas na-agbasasị na mmiri mmiri ma ọ bụ nke siri ike, na gas dị ka oge a gbasasịa na mmiri mmiri ma ọ bụ siri ike dị ka mgbasa ozi, nke a maara dị ka ụfụfụ mmiri ma ọ bụ ụfụfụ siri ike, dị ka plastik ụfụfụ, iko ụfụfụ, na ihe ụfụfụ.

(1) Nhazi ụfụfụ

Okwu ụfụfụ na-ezo aka na nchịkọta ikuku ikuku nke ihe nkiri mmiri mmiri kewapụrụ. N'ihi nnukwu njupụta dị iche n'etiti gas (agbasa agbasasị) na mmiri mmiri (dispersion media), na ala viscosity nke mmiri mmiri, gas egosipụta ngwa ngwa na-ebili n'elu. Nhazi ụfụfụ gụnyere itinye nnukwu gas n'ime mmiri mmiri; afụ ahụ wee laghachi ngwa ngwa n'elu, na-emepụta mkpokọta ikuku nke ihe nkiri mmiri dị ntakịrị kewapụrụ. Foam nwere njirimara ọdịdị ọdịdị abụọ dị iche iche: nke mbụ, ikuku gas na-emekarị ka ọ bụrụ polyhedral n'ihi na ihe nkiri mmiri dị mkpa dị na nkwụsị nke egosipụta na-emekarị ka ọ dị gịrịgịrị, n'ikpeazụ na-eduga na mgbawa afụ. Nke abụọ, mmiri mmiri dị ọcha enweghị ike ịmepụta ụfụfụ kwụsiri ike; ọ dịkarịa ala ihe abụọ ga-adịrịrị iji mepụta ụfụfụ. Ihe ngwọta nke surfactant bụ usoro na-emepụta ụfụfụ nke na-ejikọta ike ụfụfụ na ihe ndị ọzọ. A na-akpọ ndị na-emepụta ihe ndị nwere ikike ịfụfụ dị mma. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị na-emepụta ụfụfụ na-egosipụta ezigbo ike ịfụ ụfụfụ, ụfụfụ ha na-emepụta nwere ike ọ gaghị adịte aka, nke pụtara na ọ dịghị ihe e ji n'aka nkwụsi ike ha. Iji meziwanye nkwụsi ike nke ụfụfụ, enwere ike ịgbakwunye ihe ndị na-eme ka nkwụsi ike dịkwuo elu; A na-akpọ ndị a stabilizers, yana ndị na-eme ka ọ dị jụụ gụnyere lauryl diethanolamine na oxides nke dodecyl dimethyl amine.

(2) Nkwụsi ike ụfụfụ

Ụfụfụ bụ usoro na-adịghị akwụsi ike nke thermodynamic; Ọganihu okike ya na-eduga n'ịgbawa, si otú a na-ebelata oke mmiri mmiri n'ozuzu ya ma na-ebelata ike n'efu. Usoro nkwụsịtụ na-agụnye iji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ebelata ihe nkiri mmiri mmiri na-ekewa gas ruo mgbe nkwụsịtụ pụtara. Ogo nke nkwụsi ike nke ụfụfụ bụ isi na-emetụta ọnụego nke mmiri mmiri na ike nke ihe nkiri mmiri mmiri. Ihe ndị nwere mmetụta gụnyere:

① Esemokwu dị n'elu: Site n'echiche ike, mgbakasị ala dị ala na-akwado nhazi ụfụfụ mana ọ naghị ekwe nkwa nkwụsi ike nke ụfụfụ. Esemokwu dị n'elu dị ala na-egosi ọdịiche dị nta nke nrụgide, na-eduga na mmiri mmiri na-agbapụta nwayọọ nwayọọ na ịgbatị ihe nkiri mmiri mmiri, nke abụọ na-akwado nkwụsi ike.

② Viscosity dị n'elu: Isi ihe na-akpata nkwụsi ike nke ụfụfụ bụ ike nke ihe nkiri mmiri mmiri, bụ isi nke siri ike nke ihe nkiri adsorption elu, tụrụ site na viscosity elu. Nsonaazụ nnwale na-egosi na ihe ngwọta nwere viscosity elu dị elu na-emepụta ụfụfụ na-adịte aka n'ihi mmekọrịta molekụla na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mma na ihe nkiri a na-etinye na ya nke na-abawanye ike akpụkpọ ahụ nke ukwuu.

③ Ngwọta Viscosity: Viscosity dị elu na mmiri mmiri n'onwe ya na-ebelata mmịpụta nke mmiri mmiri site na akpụkpọ ahụ, si otú a na-agbatị ndụ ihe nkiri mmiri mmiri ahụ tupu mgbawa, na-eme ka ọ kwụsie ike na ụfụfụ.

④ Mgbagwoju anya "Ndozi" Omume: Ndị na-emepụta ihe ndị a na-etinye na akpụkpọ ahụ nwere ike igbochi mgbasawanye ma ọ bụ nkwụsị nke ihe nkiri ahụ; nke a ka a na-akpọ ọrụ nrụzi. Mgbe surfactants adsorb na ihe nkiri mmiri mmiri ma gbasaa mpaghara elu ya, nke a na-ebelata mkpokọta surfactant n'elu ma na-abawanye esemokwu elu; N'aka nke ọzọ, nkwekọrịta na-eduga n'ịba ụba nke surfactant n'elu ma emesịa belata esemokwu elu.

⑤ Mgbasa gas Site na Ihe nkiri Liquid: N'ihi nrụgide capillary, obere egosipụta na-enwe nrụgide dị elu n'ime ya ma e jiri ya tụnyere nnukwu egosipụta, na-eduga na mgbasa nke gas sitere na obere egosipụta n'ime ndị buru ibu, na-eme ka obere egosipụta na-ebelata na ndị buru ibu na-eto eto, n'ikpeazụ na-ebute ụfụfụ. Ngwa na-agbanwe agbanwe nke surfactants na-emepụta otu, afụ nke kesara nke ọma ma na-egbochi imebi ụfụfụ. Site na surfactants juru n'ọnụ na ihe nkiri mmiri mmiri, a na-egbochi mgbasa gas, si otú a na-eme ka nkwụsi ike nke ụfụfụ.

⑥ Mmetụta nke Charge Charge: Ọ bụrụ na ihe nkiri mmiri ụfụfụ na-ebu otu ụgwọ ahụ, akụkụ abụọ ahụ ga-atụgharị ibe ha, na-egbochi ihe nkiri ahụ ka ọ ghara ịdị nro ma ọ bụ gbajie. Ionic surfactants nwere ike inye mmetụta nkwụsi ike a. Na nchịkọta, ike nke ihe nkiri mmiri mmiri bụ ihe dị mkpa na-ekpebi nkwụsi ike ụfụfụ. Surfactants na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị na-afụ ụfụfụ na ndị na-eme ka ahụ sie ike ga-eme ka ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị dị n'elu jikọtara ọnụ, n'ihi na nke a na-emetụta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti interfacial, na-eme ka ike nke ihe nkiri dị elu n'onwe ya na-egbochi mmiri mmiri si na ihe nkiri agbata obi na-asọpụ, na-eme ka ụfụfụ kwụsie ike karị.

(3) Nbibi nke ụfụfụ

Ụkpụrụ bụ isi nke mbibi ụfụfụ gụnyere ịgbanwe ọnọdụ ndị na-emepụta ụfụfụ ma ọ bụ wepụ ihe na-eme ka ọ dị jụụ nke ụfụfụ ahụ, na-eduga n'ụzọ anụ ahụ na nke kemịkal. Mwepu nke anụ ahụ na-ejigide ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ nke ngwọta ụfụfụ mgbe ọ na-agbanwe ọnọdụ dị ka ọgba aghara mpụga, okpomọkụ, ma ọ bụ mgbanwe nrụgide, yana ọgwụgwọ ultrasonic, ụzọ niile dị irè maka iwepụ ụfụfụ. Ngwunye kemịkalụ na-ezo aka na mgbakwunye nke ụfọdụ ihe ndị na-emekọrịta ihe na ndị na-emepụta ụfụfụ iji belata ike nke ihe nkiri mmiri mmiri n'ime ụfụfụ ahụ, na-ebelata nkwụsi ike nke ụfụfụ ma nweta nkwụsịtụ. A na-akpọ ihe ndị dị otú ahụ defoamers, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ surfactants. Ndị defoamers na-enwekarị ikike a ma ama iji belata esemokwu n'elu ma nwee ike ịbanye ngwa ngwa n'elu elu, na-enwe mmekọrịta adịghị ike n'etiti ụmụ irighiri ihe mejupụtara ya, si otú a na-emepụta usoro ihe omimi a haziri nke ọma. Ụdị defoamer dị iche iche, ma ha na-abụkarị ndị na-adịghị ahụ anya, nke nwere alaka mmanya, fatty acids, fatty acid esters, polyamides, phosphates, na silicone mmanụ ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe dị ka ndị defoamers magburu onwe ya.

(4) ụfụfụ na nhicha

Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụfụfụ adịghị ejikọta ya na ịdị irè nke ihicha; ọtụtụ ụfụfụ apụtaghị ihicha mma. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, surfactants nonionic nwere ike ịmịpụta ụfụfụ dị ntakịrị karịa ncha, mana ha nwere ike inwe ikike nhicha dị elu. Otú ọ dị, n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ụfụfụ nwere ike inyere aka iwepụ unyi; dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụfụfụ site na ịsa efere na-enyere aka n'ibupu griiz, ebe ihicha kapeeti na-enye ohere ụfụfụ wepụ unyi na ihe ndị siri ike. Ọzọkwa, ụfụfụ nwere ike igosi irè nke ncha; oke abụba abụba na-egbochikarị ịkpụ afụ, na-ebute ma ọ bụ enweghị ụfụfụ ma ọ bụ ibelata ụfụfụ dị adị, na-egosi nrụpụta ncha dị ala. Na mgbakwunye, ụfụfụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-egosi ịdị ọcha nke nchacha, n'ihi na ọkwa ụfụfụ dị na mmiri nchacha na-ebelatakarị site na ntinye nchacha dị ala.

09 Usoro ịsa ahụ

N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ sara mbara, ịsacha bụ usoro iwepụ ihe ndị a na-achọghị na ihe a na-ehicha iji nweta otu nzube. N'okwu ndị a na-ahụkarị, ịsacha na-ezo aka na mwepụ nke unyi n'elu nke ụgbọelu ahụ. N'oge ịsa ahụ, ụfọdụ ihe kemịkal (dị ka ihe nchacha) na-eme ka ike gwụ ma ọ bụ wepụ mmekọrịta dị n'etiti unyi na onye na-ebu ya, na-eme ka njikọ dị n'etiti unyi na onye na-ebu ya ghọọ njikọ dị n'etiti unyi na ncha, na-enye ohere nkewa ha. Nyere na ihe a ga-ehicha na unyi chọrọ iwepụ nwere ike ịdịgasị iche, ịsa ahụ bụ usoro mgbagwoju anya, nke nwere ike ime ka ọ dị mfe na njikọ ndị a:

Obu • Unyi + Ncha = Ebu + Unyi • Ncha. Enwere ike kewaa usoro ịsa ahụ ụzọ abụọ:

1. A na-ekewapụ unyi na onye na-ebu ya n'okpuru ihe eji eme ihe;

2. A na-achụsasị unyi dị iche iche ma kwụsịtụ na ọkara. Usoro ịsa ahụ nwere ike ịtụgharị, nke pụtara na unyi gbasasịrị ma ọ bụ kwụsịtụrụ nwere ike ịdaba na ihe a kpochara. Ya mere, ihe nchacha dị irè ọ bụghị nanị na ọ dị mkpa ka ike wepụ unyi na onye na-ebu ya kamakwa iji gbasaa na kwụsịtụ unyi, na-egbochi ya ịkwagharị.

(1) Ụdị unyi

Ọbụlagodi otu ihe nwere ike ịchịkọta ụdị, nhazi na oke unyi dị iche iche dabere na ọnọdụ ojiji ya. Unyi mmanu na-abụkarị nke anụmanụ dị iche iche na mmanụ osisi na mmanụ ịnweta (dị ka mmanụ crude, mmanụ mmanụ, coal tar, wdg); unyi siri ike na-agụnye ihe ndị dị ka soot, uzuzu, nchara na carbon ojii. Banyere unyi uwe, ọ nwere ike ịmalite site na nzuzo mmadụ dị ka ọsụsọ, sebum, na ọbara; ntụpọ metụtara nri dị ka mkpụrụ osisi ma ọ bụ mmanụ na-esi ísì ụtọ; ihe fọdụrụ na ihe ịchọ mma dị ka lipstick na ntu ntu; mmetọ ikuku dị ka anwụrụ ọkụ, uzuzu na ala; na ntụpọ ndị ọzọ dị ka ink, tii, na agba. Enwere ike ekewa ụdị unyi a dị iche iche ka ọ bụrụ ụdị siri ike, mmiri mmiri na ụdị pụrụ iche.

① Unyi siri ike: Ihe atụ ndị a na-ahụkarị gụnyere soot, apịtị na uzuzu uzuzu, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-enwekarị ebubo - na-ebukarị ebubo na-adịghị mma - nke na-ejide ngwa ngwa na ihe fibrous. Unyi siri ike na-adịkarịchaghị sonye n'ime mmiri mana enwere ike fesa ya ma kwụsịtụ ya na ncha. Ihe ndị dị obere karịa 0.1μm nwere ike bụrụ ihe siri ike iwepụ.

② Unyi Liquid: Ndị a na-agụnye ihe ndị nwere mmanu na-agbaze mmanụ, gụnyere mmanụ anụmanụ, abụba abụba, mmanya na-aba ụba, mmanụ ịnweta mmanụ, na oxides ha. Ọ bụ ezie na mmanụ anụmanụ na akwukwo nri na acid fatty nwere ike imeghachi omume na alkalis na-emepụta ncha, mmanya na-egbuke egbuke na mmanụ ịnweta mmanụ anaghị enweta saponification ma enwere ike ịgbaze ya site na alcohols, ethers, na organic hydrocarbons, na enwere ike ịme emulsified na gbasasịa site na ngwọta detergent. A na-edobe unyi mmanu mmiri mmiri nke ọma na ihe ndị nwere fibrous n'ihi mmekọrịta siri ike.

③ Unyi Pụrụ Iche: Otu a nwere protein, starches, ọbara, na ihe nzuzo mmadụ dị ka ọsụsọ na mmamịrị, yana mkpụrụ osisi na ihe ọṅụṅụ tii. Ihe ndị a na-ejikarị eriri kemịkal na-ejikọta ya na eriri, na-eme ka ha sie ike ịsacha. Ụdị unyi dị iche iche anaghị adị n'onwe ha, kama ha na-agwakọta ọnụ ma na-arapara n'otu ebe. Ọtụtụ mgbe, n'okpuru mmetụta mpụga, unyi nwere ike oxidize, ire ere, ma ọ bụ ire ere, na-emepụta ụdị unyi ọhụrụ.

(2) Adhesion nke unyi

Unyi na-arapara na ihe ndị dị ka uwe na akpụkpọ n'ihi ụfọdụ mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ihe na unyi. Ike nrapado dị n'etiti unyi na ihe ahụ nwere ike ịpụta site na nrapado anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ kemịkal.

① Adhesion anụ ahụ: Mgbakwunye unyi dị ka soot, uzuzu na apịtị na-agụnye mmekọrịta anụ ahụ na-adịghị ike. N'ozuzu, ụdị unyi ndị a nwere ike iwepụ n'ụzọ dị mfe n'ihi nrapanye ha na-esighị ike, nke na-esite n'ike igwe ma ọ bụ electrostatic.

A: Mechanical Adhesion ***: Nke a na-ezo aka na unyi siri ike dị ka uzuzu ma ọ bụ ájá nke na-adabere n'ụzọ igwe, nke dị mfe iwepụ, ọ bụ ezie na obere ihe dị n'okpuru 0.1μm siri ike ihichapụ.

B: Electrostatic adhesion ***: Nke a na-agụnye ụmụ irighiri unyi na-emekọrịta ihe na ihe ndị ebubo na-emegide; Ọtụtụ mgbe, ihe ndị nwere fibrous na-ebu ebubo na-adịghị mma, na-enye ha ohere ịdọta ndị na-akwado ya nke ọma dị ka nnu ụfọdụ. Ụfọdụ ụmụ irighiri ihe na-adịghị mma ka nwere ike ịgbakọta na eriri ndị a site na àkwà mmiri ionic nke ion dị mma na-emepụta na ngwọta.

② Ngwakọta kemịkalụ: Nke a na-ezo aka na unyi na-arapara ihe site na njikọ kemịkal. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, unyi siri ike ma ọ bụ ihe ndị dị ka nchara na-agbasosi ike n'ihi njikọ kemịkalụ nke nwere otu ndị na-arụ ọrụ dị ka carboxyl, hydroxyl, ma ọ bụ amine dị n'ime ihe ndị nwere fibrous. Njikọ ndị a na-emepụta mmekọrịta siri ike karị, na-eme ka o sie ike iwepụ unyi dị otú ahụ; ọgwụgwọ pụrụ iche nwere ike ịdị mkpa iji sachaa nke ọma. Ogo adhesion unyi na-adabere ma njirimara nke unyi n'onwe ya na nke elu ọ na-agbaso.

(3) Usoro nke iwepụ unyi

Ebumnuche nke ịsa ahụ bụ ikpochapụ unyi. Nke a na-agụnye iji ụdị anụ ahụ na kemịkal dị iche iche nke ndị na-asa mmiri na-ebelata ma ọ bụ wepụ nrapanye dị n'etiti unyi na ihe ndị a na-asacha, nke ndị agha na-arụ ọrụ na-enyere aka (dị ka ịhịa aka n'ahụ, mkpali igwe, ma ọ bụ mmetụta mmiri), n'ikpeazụ na-eduga na nkewa nke unyi.

① Usoro nke iwepụ unyi mmiri mmiri

A: Mmiri: Ọtụtụ mmiri mmiri unyi bụ mmanu mmanu na-achọsi ike mmiri dị iche iche fibrous ihe, na-akpụ ihe mmanu mmanu n'elu ha. Nzọụkwụ mbụ n'ịsacha bụ ihe ncha na-eme ka mmiri dị n'elu.
B: Usoro mpịakọta maka iwepụ mmanụ: Nzọụkwụ nke abụọ nke iwepụ unyi mmiri na-eme site na usoro mpịakọta. Unyi mmiri na-agbasa dị ka ihe nkiri dị n'elu na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-abata n'ime ụmụ irighiri mmiri n'ihi mma mmiri na-asa ahụ nke dị n'elu fibrous, na-emecha jiri mmiri sachaa dochie ya.

② Usoro nke iwepụ unyi siri ike

N'adịghị ka unyi mmiri mmiri, iwepụ unyi siri ike na-adabere n'ikike mmiri na-asa ahụ iji mee ka akụkụ ahụ ruru unyi na elu nke ihe na-ebu ya. Mgbasa ozi nke surfactants n'elu elu nke unyi siri ike na onye na-ebu ya na-ebelata ike mmekọrịta ha, si otú ahụ na-ebelata ike nke ntanye nke ihe ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe, na-eme ka ọ dị mfe iwepụ. Ọzọkwa, surfactants, karịsịa ionic surfactants, nwere ike ịbawanye ikike eletrik nke unyi siri ike na ihe dị n'elu, na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe iwepụ.

Nonionic surfactants na-agbasawanye n'elu elu ndị a na-ebo ebubo n'ozuzu ya ma nwee ike ịmepụta akwa akwa akwa akwa, na-eduga n'ibelata nhazigharị unyi. Otú ọ dị, cationic surfactants, nwere ike ibelata ikike eletrik nke unyi na elu ụgbọelu, nke na-eduga n'ibelata nsị ma na-egbochi iwepụ unyi.

③ Mwepụ Unyi Pụrụ Iche

Ihe nchacha a na-ahụkarị nwere ike na-alụso ntụpọ isi ike sitere na protein, starches, ọbara, na nzuzo nzuzo. Enzymes dị ka protease nwere ike wepu ntụpọ protein n'ụzọ dị irè site n'imebi protein n'ime amino acid soluble ma ọ bụ peptides. N'otu aka ahụ, amylase nwere ike mebie starch ka ọ bụrụ shuga. Lipases nwere ike inye aka debie adịghị ọcha triacylglycerol nke na-esikarị ike iwepụ site n'ụzọ nkịtị. Unyi sitere na ihe ọṅụṅụ mkpụrụ osisi, tii, ma ọ bụ ink mgbe ụfọdụ na-achọ ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ọ ghara ịdị ọcha ma ọ bụ ihe na-ebelata, bụ ndị na-emeghachi omume na otu ndị na-emepụta agba na-eweda ha ka ha bụrụ iberibe mmiri na-agbaze.

(4) Usoro nke ikpocha akọrọ

Isi ihe ndị a kpọtụrụ aha na mbụ metụtara ịsa mmiri. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi ụdị dị iche iche nke ákwà, ụfọdụ ihe nwere ike ọ gaghị anabata nke ọma na ịsacha mmiri, na-eduga n'ịgbanwe, agba agba, wdg. Ọtụtụ eriri eke na-agbasawanye mgbe mmiri na-adaba ngwa ngwa, na-eduga ná mgbanwe nhazi na-adịghị mma. Ya mere, a na-ahọrọ ihicha akọrọ, na-ejikarị ihe mgbaze organic, maka textiles ndị a.

Nhicha akọrọ dị nro ma e jiri ya tụnyere ịsa mmiri, n'ihi na ọ na-ebelata ọrụ nke nwere ike imebi uwe. Maka iwepụ unyi dị irè na nhicha akọrọ, a na-ekewa unyi n'ime ụdị atọ:

① Unyi soluble mmanụ: Nke a gụnyere mmanụ na abụba, nke na-agbaze ngwa ngwa na ihe mgbaze na-ehicha nkụ.

② Unyi soluble mmiri: Ụdị a nwere ike igbari n'ime mmiri mana ọ bụghị na ihe mgbaze na-ehicha nkụ, nke gụnyere nnu inorganic, starches, na protein, nke nwere ike kristal ozugbo mmiri kpochapụ.

③ Unyi nke na-abụghị mmanụ ma ọ bụ mmiri nwere ike soluble: Nke a gụnyere ihe ndị dị ka carbon ojii na silicates dara na-adịghị agbaze na nke ọ bụla.

Ụdị unyi ọ bụla chọrọ usoro dị iche iche maka iwepụ nke ọma n'oge a na-ehicha ala. A na-eji usoro ihe mgbaze na-ekpochapụ unyi nwere mmanụ soluble n'ihi na ha na-agbaze nke ọma na ihe mgbaze na-abụghị polar. Maka ntụpọ na-agbaze mmiri, mmiri zuru oke ga-adịrịrị n'ime ihe na-ehicha nkụ ebe ọ bụ na mmiri dị oke mkpa maka iwepụ unyi dị irè. N'ụzọ dị mwute, ebe ọ bụ na mmiri nwere ntakịrị ihe solubility na ihe ndị na-ehicha nkụ, a na-agbakwunyekarị ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe iji nyere aka jikọta mmiri.

Ihe ndị dị n'elu na-ebuli ikike nke onye na-ehicha ihe maka mmiri ma nyere aka n'ịhụ na solubilization nke adịghị ọcha na-agbaze mmiri n'ime micelles. Na mgbakwunye, surfactants nwere ike igbochi unyi ka ọ ghara ịmalite itinye ego ọhụrụ mgbe ịsachara ya, na-eme ka ịdị ọcha dị mma. Ịgbakwunye ntakịrị mmiri dị mkpa maka iwepụ ihe ndị a na-adịghị ọcha, mana oke oke nwere ike iduga nhụghasị ákwà, si otú a na-eme ka mmiri dị mma na ngwọta ihicha akọrọ.

(5) Ihe ndị na-emetụta ọrụ ịsa ahụ

Mgbasa ozi nke surfactants na interfaces na mbelata esemokwu n'etiti ihu dị oké mkpa maka iwepụ mmiri mmiri ma ọ bụ unyi siri ike. Otú ọ dị, ịsa ahụ dị mgbagwoju anya sitere na ya, ọtụtụ ihe na-emetụta ọbụna ụdị ncha yiri ya. Ihe ndị a gụnyere itinye ncha, okpomọkụ, ihe ruru unyi, ụdị eriri, na nhazi akwa.

① Ntinye uche nke Surfactants: Micelles nke ndị surfactants kpụrụ na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịsacha. Nrụ ọrụ ịsa ahụ na-abawanye nke ukwuu ozugbo itinye uche karịrị mkpokọta micelle dị oke egwu (CMC), ya mere a ga-eji ncha ncha n'ogo dị elu karịa CMC maka ịsa ahụ dị mma. Agbanyeghị, itinye nchacha ncha n'elu CMC na-ebute nlọghachi na-ebelata, na-eme ka itinye uche na-enweghị isi adịghị mkpa.

② Mmetụta nke Okpomọkụ: Ọnọdụ okpomọkụ nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ihicha nrụpụta. N'ozuzu, okpomọkụ dị elu na-akwado iwepụ unyi; Otú ọ dị, oké okpomọkụ nwere ike inwe mmetụta ọjọọ. Ịkwalite ọnọdụ okpomọkụ na-enyere aka mgbasa unyi ma nwee ike ime ka unyi mmanu mee emulsify ngwa ngwa. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, n'ákwà ndị a kpara akpa, ịba ụba okpomọkụ na-eme ka eriri na-aza aza nwere ike ibelata nrụpụta ọrụ n'amaghị ama.

Mgbanwe okpomọkụ na-emetụtakwa solubility surfactant, CMC, na ọnụ ọgụgụ micelle, si otú a na-emetụta arụmọrụ ihicha. Maka ọtụtụ surfactants ogologo agbụ, obere okpomọkụ na-ebelata solubility, mgbe ụfọdụ n'okpuru CMC nke ha; ya mere, ikpo ọkụ kwesịrị ekwesị nwere ike ịdị mkpa maka ọrụ kacha mma. Mmetụta okpomọkụ na CMC na micelles dị iche iche maka ionic megide ndị na-adịghị ahụ anya: ịba ụba okpomọkụ na-ebuli CMC nke ionic surfactants, si otú a na-achọ nhazi nhazi.

③ Ụfụfụ: Enwere echiche na-ezighi ezi na-ejikọta ikike ịfụfụ na ịdị irè ịsacha-ụfụ karịa ịsa ahụ adịghị nhata. Ihe akaebe pụtara ìhè na-egosi na nchacha ụfụfụ dị ala nwere ike ịdị irè n'otu aka ahụ. Otú ọ dị, ụfụfụ nwere ike inye aka iwepụ unyi na ngwa ụfọdụ, dị ka n'ịsacha efere, ebe ụfụfụ na-enyere aka ịkwanye griiz ma ọ bụ na-ehicha kapet, ebe ọ na-ebuli unyi. Ọzọkwa, ọnụnọ ụfụfụ nwere ike igosi ma ihe nchacha na-arụ ọrụ; griiz karịrị akarị nwere ike igbochi nguzobe ụfụfụ, ebe mbelata ụfụfụ na-egosi mbelata ntinye ncha.

④ Ụdị Fiber na Njirimara Ngwongwo: E wezụga usoro kemịkalụ, ọdịdị na nhazi nke eriri na-emetụta nsị unyi na ihe isi ike iwepụ. Fibers nwere ihe siri ike ma ọ bụ dị larịị, dị ka ajị anụ ma ọ bụ owu, na-achọkarị ọnyà unyi ngwa ngwa karịa eriri ire ụtọ. A na-akpachi anya nke ọma nwere ike na mbụ iguzogide mkpokọ unyi mana ọ nwere ike igbochi ịsa ahụ nke ọma n'ihi enweghị ohere ịnweta unyi tọrọ atọ.

⑤ Isi Ike nke Mmiri: Ntụle nke Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, na ion ọla ndị ọzọ na-emetụta nsonaazụ ịsa ahụ, ọkachasị maka ihe ndị na-ahụ maka anionic, nke nwere ike mepụta nnu na-enweghị ike ime nke na-ebelata ịdị irè nhicha. N'ime mmiri siri ike ọbụlagodi na ntinye uche zuru oke, ịdị irè ihicha adịghị ada ma e jiri ya tụnyere mmiri distilled. Maka ịrụ ọrụ surfactant kachasị mma, a ga-ebelata ntinye nke Ca²⁺ n'okpuru 1 × 10⁻ mol/L (CaCO₃ n'okpuru 0.1 mg/L), na-achọkarị ntinye nke ihe na-eme ka mmiri dị nro n'ime usoro nhazi.


Oge nzipu: Sep-05-2024